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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 






.1 



SquiWs Atlas 

of 

The Official Drugs 



BY 



WILLIAM MANSFIELD, A.M., Phar.D. 

Dean aDd Professor of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Union 

University, Department of Pharmacy. Albany, N. Y.; 

Late Professor of Biology and Pharmacognosy, 

College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, 

Columbia University, and Botanist and 

Pharmacognosist to E. R. Squibb & Sons: 

etc. 






Published by 

E. R. SQUIBB & SONS 

New York 



b° 



«^1 



Copyright. 1919, by 
E. R, Squibb & Sons 



MAR -5 1919 
CLA5124S3 



PREFACE 

SQUIBB 'S ATLAS OF THE OFFICIAL DRUGS 
is a complete, up-to-date, trustworthy handbook 
on pharmacognosy. 

Pharmacognosy in its broadest signification is a 
knowledge of drugs, whether healing or noxious. It 
has been made to include all remedies, not only those 
in a natural state but also those changed by art. This 
latter inclusive meaning is designated more correctly 
by pharmacology, and the best present-day usage 
limits pharmacognosy to one branch of pharmacology, 
namely, a knowledge of crude drugs. 

The importance of a knowledge of crude drugs 
(pharmacognosy) to the physician, and especially to 
the pharmacist, cannot be overestimated. It is true 
that the day when the physician gathered or bought 
roots and leaves, and himself prepared his remedies 
from them, has gone. He now has at hand elegant 
preparations made in large laboratories. In this, how- 
ever, may be a danger. Too often the pharmacist al- 
lows low price rather than quality to appeal to him, 
and too often the physician is content to use without 
question what is offered by the manufacturer. A 
knowledge of the nature and of the therapeutic value 
of the crude drugs used as the basis for the remedies 
in question would have dispelled an illusion finan- 
cially detrimental and injurious to reputation. It has 
been urged, however, and with some degree of truth, 
that, without an unwarranted expenditure of time, a 
working knowledge of pharmacognosy cannot be had, 

3 



as it must be sought out from much which is of use to 
the specialist only. 

To provide pharmacists and physicians and students 
of pharmacy and of medicine with a handbook on 
pharmacognosy, one which should be complete, yet at 
the same time clear, concise and with its matter in a 
form easy to get at and to use, has been our object in 
publishing this Atlas. 

Squibb 's Atlas of The Official Drugs, then, has the 
following characteristics : 

1. It is complete but does not burden the usar with 
matter of no interest to him. It confines itself to the 
living materia medica, to the standardized drugs of 
the United States Pharmacopoeia and of the National 
Formulary; so all that is mentioned in Squibb 's 
Atlas is of worth. 

2. It classifies and groups the drugs so as to permit 
ready reference. 

3. It systematizes all descriptions, so that the in- 
formation contained therein is easily remembered. 

4. It provides a working photograph of each drug, 
so that by the eye the description is made clearer and 
easily comprehended, while there is gained informa- 
tion which no verbal description could convey. 

5. The introduction to each chapter contains an ex- 
planation of the terms used in describing each class 
of drugs. 

6. A glossary of botanical terms is added, giving 
direct information to the student and affording the 
professional man an opportunity to refresh his memory. 

The author is convinced by years of practical work 
and teaching that the most logical method of classify- 
ing drugs is by separating them into groups accord- 
ing to the part or parts used, i.e., roots, barks, etc. 
Such a classification enables the student and phar- 

4 



macist more easily to recognize and memorize the 
diagnostic characteristics of each drug. 

Under each drug are given its title, abbreviation, 
English name, synonyms, botanical origin, part or 
parts used, permissible limits of impurities, assay, 
habitat, description (including odor and taste), and 
official preparations, if any. 

The descriptions of the drugs of a group have been 
systematized so that they all begin and end in the same 
sequence. Each description is complete, yet free from 
unnecessary technical terms, and care has been taken 
to include such new facts as are indispensable to the 
selection of pure drugs. 

All the photographs are made from original ma- 
terial selected and arranged by the author. In the 
case of starch, lycopodium, etc., the plates are made 
from drawings by the author. In preparing the plates 
care has been taken to have every part of the descrip- 
tion illustrated, so that the reader has a pictorial as 
well as a written description of each official drug. In 
selecting and arranging the material preparatory to 
photographing, it frequently has been necessary to ex- 
amine hundreds of samples and tons of drugs in order 
to make the photographs typical and at the same time 
to show the normal variation in form. In most cases 
separate photographs and descriptions are given of 
each drug, even though in some instances the United 
States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary 
group these drugs under one title. 

The introduction to each chapter sets forth the plan 
of study of each group and includes illustrations of 
the terms used in describing the individual drugs of 
that chapter. 

In a work on pharmacognosy the use of technical 
terms is unavoidable, but the introductions to the 



chapters will sufficiently explain their meaning and 
obviate any difficulties in this respect, while the glos- 
sary will give further help in understanding the terms 
used. 

The author is indebted to Messrs. E. R. Squibb & 
Sons for their generosity in the matter of illustrations 
and general execution of the book, inasmuch as they 
have provided the very best products of the photog- 
raphers' and engravers' arts. 

It is hoped that Squibb 's Atlas, for the preparation 
of which years of work have been required, will stimu- 
late the interest of both pharmacists and physicians 
in the nature and genuineness of the drugs they use 
and will awaken the members of each of these profes- 
sions to the necessity for using only genuine drugs. 

William Mansfield 

Union University, Department of Pharmacy, 
Albany College of Pharmacy. 







CONTENTS 


Chapter 


I . 


. Koots 


Chapter 


II . 


. Rhizomes 


Chapter 


Ill . 


. Roots and Rhizomes 


Chapter 


IV . 


. Tuberous Roots, Bulbs, and 
Corms 


Chapter 


V . 


. Barks 


Chapter 


VI . 


. Woods 


Chapter 


VII . 


. Stems 


Chapter 


VIII . 


. Plants 


Chapter 


IX . 


. Herbs 


Chapter 


X . 


. Leaves and Flowering Tops 


Chapter 


XI . 


. Leaf Buds, Leaflets, and 
Leaves 


Chapter 


XII . 


. . Flower Buds, Flowers, 
Flower Heads, and Parts of 
Flowers 


Chapter 


XIII . 


. . Fruits and Parts of Fruits 


Chapter 


XIV . 


. . Seeds and Parts of Seeds 


Chapter 


XV . 


. . Alg.e and Fungi 


Chapter 


XVI . 


. . Spores, non-glandular and 
glandular hairs and excres- 
CENCES 

7 



Chapter XVII . . . Starch, Gums, Sugars, and 

MUCHAGE 

Chapter XVIII . . . R ESINS , Gum ResinSj Balsams> 
Balsamic Resins and Oleo- 

RESINS 

Chapter XIX .. . Latex, Dried Juices, Extracts 

and Camphors 
Chapter XX . . . Drugs of Animal Origin 

Appendix Useful Tables, Glossary, As- 
says, etc. 
Index 



CHAPTER I 
ROOTS 

IN the study of roots the following must be consid- 
ered: Occurrence, size, type, nature, stem bases 
and scars, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, 
cortex, cambium or endodermis, wood or central cylin- 
der, pith, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. This refers to the condition of the 
root, whether entire, as parsley; or broken, as bella- 
donna ; or cut. If cut, the sections may be transverse, 
as in bryony; or oblique, as in calumba; or longitudi- 
nal, as in spikenard. 

2. Size. The length may vary from a few milli- 
meters, as in the broken pieces of most roots, to a 
meter or more, as in Mexican sarsaparilla. The diame- 
ter may vary from 1 mm., as in Virginia snakeroot, to 
9.7 cm., as in Phytolacca. 

3. Type. This refers to the position of the root, 
whether vertical, usual position, as in pyrethrum; or 
oblique, as in senega; or horizontal, as in senega. In 
most roots with numerous branches, both horizontal 
and oblique types occur. 

4. Nature. This refers to the shape of the root, 
whether simple, as in pyrethrum; or branched, as in 
senega; or straight, as in stillingia; or twisted, as in 
American burdock ; or crooked, as in Rio ipecac. 

5. Stem Bases and Scars. This refers to the re- 
mains of stems, as in Peruvian krameria, and to scars, 
as in burdock. The stems may be short, as in scam- 
mony; or long, as in ipecac. The stem scars may be 
small, as in senega ; or large, as in pyrethrum. 

6. Texture. The texture may be non-fibrous, as in 
parsley; starchy, as in bryony; resinous, as in pyre- 
thrum ; waxy, as in the cut surface of pareira ; granu- 

9 



lar, as in asclepias; horny, as in European burdock; 
fibrous, as in phytolacca ; waxy and fibrous, as in ipe- 
cac; starchy and fibrous, as in sarsaparilla ; resinous 
and fibrous, as in baptisia; granular and fibrous, as in 
krameria. 

7. Color. The color refers to the outer surface of 
the drug. The most common shades are the grays, yel- 
lows, browns and reds. The color of the different drugs 
is given under the description, and the variation is 
fairly uniform. The color of drugs is important, 
because it is a criterion of quality. Off-color indicates 
improper collecting, drying, shipping or storing of 
drugs. Experience in handling drugs is necessary in 
order to acquire a knowledge of color values. 

8. Surface markings. The surface is furrowed 
when it has sharply denned, parallel elevations and 
depressions, as in Mexican sarsaparilla. Furrows may 
form straight parallel lines, as in Mexican sarsapa- 
rilla, or they may be spirally arranged, as in scam- 
mony root. The surface is wrinkled when it is irregu- 
larly contracted into furrows, as in bryony and in 
pyrethrum. The surface is fissured when it has nar- 
row openings caused by the separation of the tissues. 
The fissures may be shallow, as in stillingia, or deep, 
as in Savanilla krameria and in Carthagena ipecac. 
The surface is sunken when it is depressed because of 
the shrinking of the inner tissue, as in jalap; cleft 
when it has irregular openings caused by the separa- 
tion of the tissues, as in Russian licorice; split when 
it has longitudinal breaks in the tissue caused by cut- 
ting it into pieces, as in berberis and in gelsemium: 
keeled when it has a longitudinal ridge or elevation of 
the cortex, beginning at the crown and extending 
toward the root, as in senega ; annulated when it has 
transverse parallel elevations or outgrowths of tissue. 
It may be incompletely annulate, as in phytolacca : or 
completely annulate, as in parsley root. The surface 
is nodulated when it is extended as a rounded, knot- 
like mass of tissue, as in wild yam ; abraded when the 
outer layers have been removed by the friction result- 
ing from handling and transporting the drug, as in 

10 



belladonna root; smooth when it has no perceptible 
projections or depressions, as in cut sections of bella- 
donna root. 

9. Fracture. The term fracture refers to the man- 
ner in which a root breaks when it is subjected to 
sufficient pressure. In determining the fracture, place 
the drug between the thumbs and the two adjacent 
fingers. Press the thumbs outward until they come 
together. If the drug breaks clear across it has a 
complete fracture. Belladonna root, and most roots, 
in fact, have a complete fracture. If the drug breaks 
only part way, it has an incomplete fracture. All the 
sarsaparillas and spikenard have an incomplete frac- 
ture. When the root is too tenacious to be fractured, 
the broken surface is spoken of. Pareira is so tena- 
cious that it requires a sharp blow of a hammer or a 
hatchet to break the surface. If the root bends instead 
of breaking when subjected to pressure, it has no frac- 
ture or is fractureless, as the roots of the convallaria, 
caulophyllum, aletris and helonias. Drugs with a 
complete fracture or an incomplete fracture or a 
broken surface are divided into seven groups: (1) 
Those having a very weak, brittle fracture, as the 
roots of American angelica, senega, spigelia and ser- 
pentaria; (2) those having a weak, brittle fracture, as 
parsley root; (3) those having a brittle fracture, as 
the roots of burdock, rumex and belladonna; (4) those 
having & tough fracture, as pyrethrum; (5) those hav- 
ing a strong, tough fracture, as licorice, stillingia and 
echinacea; (6) those having a very strong, tough frac- 
ture, as Phytolacca; (7) those which are too tough to 
be fractured, but are breakable, as pareira, asclepias, 
hydrangea, krameria and scammony. In a few drugs 
the cortex is brittle and the wood is tough, as in Rio 
ipecac, Carthagena ipecac, the kramerias and baptisia. 
When a fracture is made, the nature of the fractured 
surface should be observed. It is concordat if the 
surface is curved; even, if the surface is plain; un- 
even, if the surface is rough; and hackly, if the sur- 
face is sharp and jagged. These terms are combined 
with the classifications of brittle and tough fractures 

11 






to denote fractures. Calumba has a brittle, concordat 
fracture; senega has a very weak, brittle, even frac- 
ture; burdock has a brittle, uneven fracture; hy- 
drangea has a very strong, tough, hackly fracture. 
Fracture is an aid to the identification of drugs ; there- 
fore it should be kept in mind when drugs are se- 
lected. Many drugs when exposed to moisture will 
absorb water and become pliable. This is caused by 
the softening of the tissue by the absorbed water. 
Parsley root is an example of such a drug. When 
parsley root is pliable it contains an excess of mois- 
ture ; it is, therefore, deficient in strength and is likely 
to become mouldy. Fracture, or lack of fracture, is in 
most cases a criterion of the quality of the drug. 

10. Outline. The outline of roots refers to the form 
of the oblique, or longitudinal, or cross sections of the 
root. In most roots the outlines are,— cylindrical, as 
in krameria ; in others it is nearly circular, as in stil- 
lingia; or oval, as in calumba; or rectangular, as in 
Phytolacca; or irregular, as in rumex; or as in cross- 
sections of most cut roots, as in belladonna root. The 
outline may also be wavy, as in scammony root. 

11. Cortex. The cortex includes everything out- 
side the cambium or endodermis. When the cortex is 
studied, the diameter, the color, and the markings 
must be considered. The diameter varies from 1 mm., 
as in senega, to 6 mm., as in calumba. For every drug 
there is a fairly uniform maximum diameter — i.e., the 
cortex of roots growing under normal conditions 
does not exceed a certain diameter. The ratio of the 
diameter of the cortex to that of the central cylinder 
should also be kept in mind. In the majority of roots 
the central cylinder or wood is thicker than the cortex. 
This point is well illustrated in krameria and in 
Carthagena ipecac. In other roots, the cortex is 
thicker than the central cylinder. The color of the 
cortex, which is given under the description of each 
drug, varies in different roots. Frequently the cortex 
is of one color and the wood of another, as in krameria. 
The markings, or macroscopic structures, of the cortex 
must be kept in mind. The cortex of European angelica 

12 



has prominent round resin cavities with resin ; parsley 
has less distinct resin cavities ; the cortex of stillingia 
root also has small resin cells; the cortex of calumba 
is radiate ; baptisia is less distinctly radiate ; the cortex 
of althaea has concentric lines composed of mucilage 
cells. Many roots have no characteristic markings in 
the cortex. 

12. Cambium. The cambium increases the growth 
"(diameter) of the root by the addition of new cells to 
the wood and to the cortex. The cambium zone occurs 
between the cortex and the wood. It is usually very 
distinct, as in belladonna ; or indistinct, as in baptisia. 
In the latter case the cortex appears to come directly 
in contact with the wood. It should be remembered, 
however, that a cambium zone is present even if not 
distinguishable. 

13. Endodermis. Endodermis is a term applied to 
a layer of cells surrounding the central conducting 
strand (stele) of roots and rhizomes of plants having 
one seed leaf (monocotyledonous plants). Such an en- 
dodermis is faintly seen in the cross-section of Mexi- 
can sarsaparilla root. 

14. Wood. The wood includes everything within 
the cambium zone, as in calumba. When the wood is 
studied, its diameter, its color, and its markings 
should be considered. The diameter varies from less 
than 2 mm., as in Rio ipecac, to 10.5 cm., as in the 
sections of a large bryony root. The color of the wood, 
which is given under the description, varies in differ- 
ent roots. An odd case of coloring occurs in krameria, 
the central portion of which is darker than the outer ; 
and in pyrethrum, the radiate portion of which is yel- 
low. It differs in many cases from the color of the 
cortex, as in calumba. The markings of the wood are 
frequently diagnostic. The wood of belladonna and 
rumex is finely radiate; pyrethrum is prominently 
radiate ; calumba is interruptedly radiate. The wood 
of Phytolacca is divided into concentric zones. The 
wood of senega has a Y-shaped, undeveloped portion. 
The wood of scammony has a mottled surface caused 
by alternating masses of yellowish conducting tissue 

13 



and light-colored parenchymatic tissue. Longitudinal 
sections of the wood of Phytolacca have parallel 
ridges. In krameria and other roots the wood has no 
characteristic markings. The pith may be of small 
diameter, as in pareira ; or of large diameter, as in ca- 
lumba. In European burdock it is hollow or cleft. 

15. Central Cylinder. The central cylinder is 
everything within the endodermis. In the sarsapa- 
rillas it is porous. 

16. Odor. In order to judge of the genuineness of 
many drugs a knowledge of odors is necessary. This 
knowledge is acquired only by considerable practice in 
smelling drugs. It is impossible to describe an odor 
so minutely that one unfamiliar with a drug can rec- 
ognize it from a description of its odor, or to distin- 
guish between two odorous drugs by the description 
alone. Most drugs with characteristic odors give off 
aromatic or volatile constituents. Drugs giving off 
such volatile constituents are called aromatic drugs. 
The odors of aromatic drugs differ in kind as well as 
in degree. When one has learned to associate a par- 
ticular odor with a certain drug, odors become, as it 
were, diagnostic. Odors are qualified as faint or 
strong, pleasing or displeasing, and pungent. There 
are several roots with characteristic odors. These are 
parsley, inula, belladonna. There are many roots, 
such as belladonna, phytolacca, the sarsaparillas, the 
kramerias, wild yam and pleurisy, which have no 
characteristic or pronounced odor. These are classed 
as odorless roots. 

17. Taste. The taste of many drugs is characteris- 
tic; and since many drugs have similar tastes, it is 
possible to classify them according to taste. Taste 
may be simple— i.e., one taste only; or complex— i.e., 
two or more tastes, (a) Simple Tastes. The important 
simple tastes are mucilaginous, starchy, sweet, bitter, 
astringent, pungent, acrid, tingling and aromatic. Of 
the official roots, lappa has a mucilaginous taste ; stil- 
lingia, a starchy taste ; licorice, a sweet taste ; calumba, 
a bitter taste ; krameria, an astringent taste ; wild in- 
digo, a pungent taste; pyrethrum, senega, and stil- 

14 



lingia, acrid tastes ; echinacea, a tingling taste ; inula, 
an aromatic taste, (b) Complex Tastes. Several roots 
have complex tastes. In each case the first taste ex- 
perienced is placed first, the second taste placed sec- 
ond, etc. Parsley has a sweet, pleasingly aromatic 
taste; althaea, a starchy, sweet, mucilaginous taste; 
sarsaparilla, a starchy, mucilaginous, sweet and acrid 
taste. Both the simple and complex tastes may be 
qualified — i.e., weakly or strongly acrid, etc. ; and the 
aromatic taste may be classed as pleasingly or dis- 
agreeably aromatic, as well as weakly and strongly 
aromatic. 

It should be remembered, however, that taste is an 
aid to, and not a positive means of, identifying the 
average drug. 



15 







SARSAPARILLA-MEXICAN 

1, A typical curved and twisted root. 2, A cut root show- 
ing the woody central cylinder. 3, Furrowed surface of the 
root. 4, Cross-section of the root showing the endodermis. 



16 



SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. 

(1) Mexican Sarsaparilla 

English name : Sarsaparilla. 

Synonyms: Mexican Sarsaparilla, Gray Sarsaparilla. 

Botanical origin: Smilax medica Chamisso and 
Schlechtendal. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : None given in the Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: None given. . 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Tropical America, Mexico and Vera Cruz. 

Description : 

Mexican sarsaparilla comes to market in the form of bales wound 
with three or four wire bands. The bales are composed of a great 
number of separate clusters of roots attached to a crown which 
bears several stem bases. The crown frequently has 150 roots 
attached to it. The stems are angled and thorny, and the surface 
is smooth and yellowish white. The crown is gnarled, hard, and 
woody. The stem and crown must not be used. The dirt stems 
and crowns make up about 25 per cent, of the drug. The roots 
are tortuous and variable in diameter; the larger roots have a 
maximum diameter of 6 mm. A few of the roots have rootlets. 
The texture is very slightly starchy and fibrous. The color varies 
from light brownish gray to nearlv black. The blackness is caused 
by adhering particles of soil. The surface is deeply furrowed 
longitudinally. The fracture of the cortex is brittle, even, and 
complete; of the central cylinder, tough and half-complete. The 
outline is irregular and wavy. The cortex is less starchy than 
the other sarsaparillas, and it frequently has cavities near the 
central cylinder, from which it separates in drying. The central 
cylinder is brownish yellow and porous. The pith is grayish white 
and starchy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly 
starchy, mucilaginous, sweet and acrid. 

Constituents: Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, vola- 
tile oil, pectin, etc. 

Preparations : 

Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 

fl. ozs.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparillas Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 

15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 



17 




SARSAPARILLA-HONDURAS 

1, A large branch. 2, A small rootlet. 3, Shallow furrows. 



IS 



SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. 

(2) Honduras Sarsaparilla 

English name: Sarsaparilla. 

Synonyms: Honduras Sarsaparilla, Brown Sarsa- 
parilla. 

Botanical origin: Smilax officinalis Kunth, or an un- 
determined species of smilax. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Tropical America, Honduras and adjacent 
territory. 

Description : 

Honduras sarsaparilla comes to market in the form of bales, par- 
tially covered by two pieces of hide laced together with thongs of 
hide. These bales contain about 50 rolls. The individual rolls 
measure up to 75 cm. in length and up to 10 cm. in diameter. 
They are composed of roots folded lengthwise and wound tightly 
with long roots externally to within a few centimeters of the ends 
of the roll. The roots are tortuous and vary in diameter, the 
maximum diameter being 5 mm. The individual roots are nearly 
uniform. A few of the roots have rootlets. The texture is partly 
starchy and partly woody. The color is dark reddish brown. The 
surface is longitudinally furrowed. The fracture of the bark is 
brittle, even and complete; of the wood, tough and half-complete. 
The outline is wavy. The cortex is starchy and thinner than the 
central cylinder. The color varies from gray to nearly white. 
The central cylinder is woody, porous, and yellowish brown. The 
pith forms the greater part of the central cylinder and is grayish 
white and starchy The odor is not characteristic. The taste is 
starchy, mucilaginous, slightly sweet and acrid. 

Constituents : Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, volatile 
oil, pectin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Decoctum Sarsaparilla? Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 

fl. ozs.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla? Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 

15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 



19 




SARSAPARILLA-JAMAICA 

1, A typical root with numerous rootlets. 2, A very small 
rootlet. 3, A cut root, showing the woody central cylinder. 
4, Typical furrow. 

20 



SARSAPARILLA (Sarsap.) U. S. P. 
(3) Jamaica Sarsaparilla 

English name : Sarsaparilla. 

Synonyms : Jamaica Sarsaparilla, Red Sarsaparilla. 

Botanical origin: Smilax ornata Hooker filius. (Fam. 
LiliacecE.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : 10 per cent, or less. 

Habitat: Tropical America, Jamaica, Costa Rica. 

Description : 

Jamaica sarsaparilla comes to market in burlap bales. The bales 
are composed of bundles of roots freed from the crown, folded 
lengthwise, and wound loosely with a long root. The roots are 
tortuous and have numerous branches with rootlets. Their 
maximum diameter is 5 mm. The texture is non-starchy or 
slightly starchy and woody. The color is yellowish or reddish 
brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed, the furrows being 
shallow and numerous. The fracture of the cortex is brittle, 
even and complete; of the central cylinder, tough and half-com- 
plete. The outline is very irregular and wavy. The cortex is thin 
and mostly non-starchy. The central cylinder is brownish yellow 
and porous. The pith is grayish white and starchy. The odor is 
not characteristic. The taste is sweet, slightly mucilaginous and 
acrid. 

Constituents : Smilacin, saponin, starch, resin, volatile 
oil, pectin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Decoctum Sarsaparillse Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 120 mils (4 

fl. ozs.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum ; Dose. 2 mils. (30 min.). 
Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus (from Fluidextract) ; Dose, 

2 mils (30 min.). 



21 




BAPTISIA 

1, A typical root with numerous branches. 2, Elevated 
root scar. 3, Cross-section showing the thick cortex. 4, 
Longitudinal section. 



22 



BAPTISIA (Baptis.) N. F. 

English name : Baptisia. 
Synonyms : Wild Indigo. 

Botanical origin: Baptisia tinctoria (Linne) R. Brown. 

(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of the crown 
and stem or other matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern United States. 

Description : 

Baptisia occurs as cut and broken fragments, varying in length 
arid diameter. The individual roots are simple or branched, and 
are frequently attached to a -woody crown bearing one or more 
stem bases. The texture is resinous and -woody. The largest 
roots have a maximum diameter of 15 mm. The color is light 
brownish yellow. The surface is finely wrinkled longitudinally 
and has many elevated root scars. The fracture is tough, strong, 
uneven and incomplete. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The 
cortex is about one-half as thick as the wood, dark brown, with 
numerous black resinous cavities, and radiate. The wood is yel- 
lowish, fibrous, slightly porous and finely radiate. The odor is 
slightly aromatic. The taste is strongly bitter, acrid and tingling. 

Constituents: Ghicosides (baptism, baptin), resin, etc. 
Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Baptisiae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



23 




KRAMERIA-PERUVIAN 

1, Large crown. 2, Clusters of small roots. 3. Older root 
with rough, scaly surface. 4, Younger root with smooth 
surface. 5, Light outer zone of wood. 6, Dark central 
zone of wood. 



24 



KRAMERIA (Kramer.) N. F. 

(1) Peruvian Krameria 

English name : Krameria. 
Synonyms : Peruvian Rhatany. 

Botanical origin: Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon. 

(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 9 per cent, of aqueous extractive. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Peru and Bolivia. 

Description : 

Peruvian krameria occurs as whole and broken roots mixed. These 
are branched and measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 
9.5 cm. in diameter at the crown. The crown bears numerous 
short stem bases, and it tapers into the main root, which has 
numerous branches. The texture of the cortex is granular ; of 
the wood, fibrous. The color of the smaller roots is light reddish 
brown; of the larger roots, dark reddish brown. The surface of 
the smaller roots is nearly smooth ; of the larger roots, rough and 
scaly. The fracture of the cortex is very brittle and hackly ; that 
of the wood, very tough and hackly. The outline of sections of 
small roots is cylindrical. The cortex is not so thick as that of 
the Savanilla Krameria. The color is dull reddish brown. The 
wood has a yellowish brown outer zone and a nearly black central 
zone. The entire surface may be of a uniform brown color. The 
odor is not characteristic. The taste is astringent. 

Constituents : Tannin, starch, gum, wax, coloring mat- 
ter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Krameria?; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Fluidextractum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Fluidglyceratum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Syrupus Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



25 




KRAMERIA-SA VANILLA 

1, Typical branched root. 2, Large transverse fissure. 3, 
Root with numerous fissures. 4. Cross-section of root. 



26 



KRAMERIA (Kramer.) N. F. 

(2) Savanilla Krameria 

English name : Krameria. 

Synonyms: Savanilla Rhatany. 

Botanical origin: Krameria Ixina Linne. (Fam. Legu- 
minosce.) 

Part used : Dried root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 9 per cent, of aqueous extractive. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Mexico and Northern South America. 

Description : 

Savanilla krameria occurs as broken pieces of the roots. The 
roots are simple, rarely branched. They measure up to 13 mm. 
in diameter. Crowns and stem bases have never been observed. 
The texture of the bark is granular ; of the wood, fibrous. The 
color varies from a deep reddish to chocolate brown. The surface 
has numerous slight longitudinal ridges and transverse fissures, 
which frequently extend to the wood. The fracture of the cortex 
is very brittle and even; that of the wood, very tough and 
hackly. The outline of sections is cylindrical. The cortex is 
thick, dark chocolate brown, and has no distinctive structure. 
The wood is yellowish brown and finely fibrous. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Tannin, starch, gum, wax, coloring 
matter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Krameriae; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Fluidextractum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Fluidglyceratum Krameriae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Syrupus Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Krameriae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



27 




PAREIRA 

1, A large root with small rootlets. 2, Branched root. 3, 
Cross-section showing eccentric zones of tissue. 4, Cross- 
section showing concentric zones of tissue. 5, Cross-sec- 
tion of small root. 



28 



PAREIRA (Pareira) N. F. 

English name: Pareira. 

Synonyms : Pareira Brava. 

Botanical origin: Ghondodendron tomentosum Ruiz 
et Pavon. (Fam. Menispermacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Peru, Brazil. 

Description : 

Pareira occurs as long transverse pieces. The roots are simple 
or branched, with few small rootlets. They measure, up to 6.5 
cm. in diameter. The stems, which may be present, are cut in 
long, transverse pieces. They are greenish gray with scattered 
patches of lichens and with black apothecia (fruiting bodies). 
The cross-sections show concentric layers of radiating conducting 
tissue separated by narrow medullary rays. The surface is a 
dull gray. The texture of the roots is fibrous. The color is a 
dull brownish black. The surface is rough, with numerous in- 
complete transverse ridges, or it is nodulated, with irregular de- 
pressions. The fracture is very strong, tough and hackly. The 
outline is cylindrical and irregular. The cortex, which is light 
brown, is very thin and undulate. The wood shows several con- 
centric or eccentric zones of conducting tissue Separated by 
concentric zones of parenchymatic tissue. The concentric and 
eccentric zones of conducting tissue are composed of wedge-shaped 
masses with large pores (vessels), separated by broad medullary 
rays filled with starch. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloid (buxine), fat, starch, gum, 
tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Pareira?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



29 




SCAMMONLE RADIX 

1, Crown with stem scars and bases. 2, Twisted root with 
deep furrows. 3, Cross-section showing mottled surface. 
4, Fractured surface. 



SCAMMONLdE RADIX (Scam. Rad.) U. S. P. 

English name : Scammony Root. 

Synonyms : None commonly known. 

Botanical origin: Convolvulus Scammonia Linne. 
(Fam. Convolvulacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 8 per cent, of the total resins of 
Scammony Root. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Western Asia. 

Description : 

Scammony root occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces. The roots are mostly simple and twisted, with few root- 
lets. They measure up to 43 cm. in length, and up to 4.8 cm. in 
diameter. The crown is enlarged, and in the older roots it often 
has twenty-five stem bases or scars. The texture is resinous and 
fibrous. The color varies from gray to yellow or reddish brown. 
The surface has longitudinal furrows, which are spiral in the 
twisted portion of the root. If old, the root scars are slight de- 
pressions ; if recent, elevations. The fracture is very strong, 
tough, and uneven. The outline is cylindrical and irregular. 
The cortex is of unequal thickness, slightly radiate and dark in 
the region of the cambium. The wood is strongly porous and 
radiate near the cambium. It has scattered yellowish wood 
bundles separated by white or yellowish white parenchyma. This 
gives the wood a mottled appearance. The odor is slightly aro- 
matic. The taste is slightly sweet and strongly acrid. 

Constituents: Resin (scammonin), etc. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

Enters into Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum (from resin) ; 

Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Resina Scammoniae ; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 



:;i 




PHYTOLACCA 

1, Longitudinal section. 2, A typical cross-section q 

Fa^^S "°°, dy n° r fibr0US tissue: *. IncompLTerannJ: 
late surface. 5, Cross-section of small root. 



32 



PHYTOLACCA (Phytolac.) N. F. 

English name : Phytolacca. 

Synonyms : Poke Root, Ink-herry Root. 

Botanical origin: Phytolacca decandra Linne. (Fam. 
Phytolaccacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. 

Habitat: Northeastern, Central and Southern United 
States. 

Description : 

Phytolacca occurs as a mixture of entire, broken, transverse, 
longitudinal, and oblique sections. The roots vary in length 
up to 5 dm. and in width up to 9.7 cm. The uncut roots are 
simple or branched. The texture is coarsely fibrous. The color 
varies from light yellowish to grayish brown. The surface is 
irregularly wrinkled longitudinally and incompletely annulate; 
the ridges are very light yellow. , The fracture is very strong, 
tough and hackly. The outline is circular or oval and irregular. 
The cortex is thin and brown. The wood in transverse sections 
shows concentric ridges of elevated fibrous tissue, between which 
are sunken masses of parenchymatic tissue; longitudinal sections 
show parallel ridges of fibrous tissue. The color varies from 
whitish brown to gray. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is slightly sweet and strongly acrid. 

Constituents: Resin, tannin, phytolaccin, asparagin, 
sugar, starch, etc. 

Dose: Emetic, 1 Gm. (15 grains) ; Alterative, 0.1 Gm. 
(li/ 2 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextr actum Phytolacca; Dose, Emetic, 1 mil (15 min.) ; 
Alterative, 0.1 mil (1^ min.). 



33 




STILLINGIA 

1, Typical root tapering toward the ends. 2, Stems, which 
are usually present in the drug. 3, Partially cut root, 
showing hbrous nature of the cortex. 4. Gross-section 
showing cortex separated from the wood. 5, Longitudinal 
section. 6, Cross-section showing concentric and radiate 
structure. 

34 






STILLINGIA (Stilling.) U. S. P. 

English name: Stillingia. 

Synonyms: Queen's Root, Queen's Delight. 

Botanical origin: Stillingia sylvatica Linne. (Fam. 
EuphorMacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern United States, from Virginia to 
Texas. 

Description : 

Stillingia root occurs as a mixture of entire, cut, and as partially 
cut pieces. The roots are entire or branched. The branches 
curve upward when dry. The typical root has a smaller diameter 
at the ends than in the center. It measures up to 45 cm. in 
length, and up to 3.5 cm. in diameter. The crown frequently bears 
one or more hard, woody, purplish brown stems. The texture is 
soft fibrous. The color is dark reddish or chocolate brown. The 
surface is longitudinally striated and has many shallow trans- 
verse fissures. The -fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The 
outline is nearly cylindrical and slightly wavy. The cortex is 
thick, soft fibrous, and frequently slightly separated from the 
wood. It is pinkish brown and has numerous dark resin cavi- 
ties. The wood has a concentric and radiate structure and is 
pinkish white. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is 
slightly sweet, acrid and bitter. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, fixed oil, starch, 
gum, resin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluid extr actum Stillingiae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Fluidextractum Stillingiae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 

min.). 
Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fi. dr.). 



35 




RUMEX-CURLED 

1, Twisted root. 2, Transverse and longitudinal sections. 
3, Stem of the plant. 4, The thick cortex. 5, Radiate 
wood. 



36 



RUMEX N. F. 

(1) Curled Rumex 

English name : Rumex. 

Synonyms : Curled Dock. 

Botanical origin: Rumex crispus Linne. (Fam. Po- 
ly gonacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Asia; naturalized in United 
States and Canada. 

Description : 

Curled rumex occurs as entire roots, as transverse, and as longi- 
tudinal slices. The entire roots are simple or branched and 
twisted. They measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 25 mm. 
in diameter. The crown frequently bears a portion of the stem, 
which is purplish brown, longitudinally striated, and has a large 
purple pith. The texture of the root is partially fibrous. The 
color is dark reddish brown. The surface has numerous slightly 
elevated transverse ridges, longitudinal furrows, and few fine root- 
lets. The fracture is brittle when the root is dry, but pliable 
when it is moist. The outline of the cross-sections is very irregu- 
lar and wavy. The cortex is yellowish brown and finely radiate. 
The cambium zone is dark brown. The wood has a distinct radial 
structure composed of numerous yellowish masses of conducting 
tissues. The pith is light yellow and has numerous scattered iso- 
» lated strands of conducting tissue. The odor is not characteristic. 
The taste is slightly sweet, astringent and bitter. 

Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, tannin, ru- 
micin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Rumicis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



37 




RUMEX— BROAD-LEAVED 

1, A twisted, furrowed root, annulate at the crown. 2, 
Numerous transverse and longitudinal sections. 3, Stems 
of the plant. 4, Wavy cortex. 5, Wood of irregular 
diameter. 



38 



RUMEX N. F. 

(2) Broad-leaved Rumex 

English name : Rumex. 

Synonyms: Yellow Dock Root, Broad-leaved Rumex, 
Broad-leaved Dock Root. 

Botanical origin: Rumex obtusifolius Linne. (Fam. 
Polygonacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia; naturalized in United States 
and Canada. 

Description : 

Broad-leaved rumex occurs as a mixture of entire roots and as 
transverse or longitudinal sections of roots. The entire roots are 
simple or branched and twisted, and they measure up to 35 cm. 
in length and up to 30 mm. in diameter. The stem is striated and 
purple with fragments of leaf scales; the center is usually hollow. 
The texture is slightly fibrous. The color is pale yellowish brown. 
The surface of the roots is mostly free of annulate portions. They 
are finely furrowed longitudinally and have few fine rootlets or 
root scars. The fracture is brittle when the root is dry, but pliable 
when it is moist. The outline of the cross-sections is cylindrical 
or irregular. The cortex is dark greenish yellow, thick and finely 
radiate. The cambium zone is nearly black. The wood frequently 
separates from the cambium upon drying. The outer part is very 
fibrous and grayish white; the central part is yellow or brown. 
The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet and 
astringent. 

Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, tannin, ru- 
micin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Rumicis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



39 




ALTHiEA 

1, Longitudinal section showing dark cambium zone. 2, 
Longitudinal furrow. 3, Irregular cut pieces. 4, Cross- 
section showing wavy cortex, dark cambium zone and 
wood. 



40 



ALTHJEA U. S. P. 

English name : Althaea. 

Synonyms : Marsh Mallow Root, White Mallow Root. 

Botanical origin: Althcea officinalis Linne (Fam. Mal- 
vaceae) deprived of the brown, corky layer and 
small roots. 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia; cultivated. 

Description : 

Althaea occurs as peeled, entire, or as small cut pieces of the 
peeled root. The roots are simple or branched and straight or 
twisted. The branches are usually separated when the root is 
peeled. Entire roots measure up to 35 cm. in length and up to 
22 mm. in diameter. Stems have never been observed. The tex- 
ture is fibrous and starchy. The color varies from gray to yellow- 
ish white. The surface has numerous long, projecting bast fibers, 
deep, longitudinal furrows, and many slightly elevated dark brown 
root scars. The fracture is very tough and uneven. The outline 
of sections of entire roots is irregular and wavy. The cortex is 
thick, and when magnified shows fine concentric dark-colored 
zones of sieve and mucilage tissue. The cambium zone is dark- 
colored. The wood is indistinctly radiate near the cambium. The 
central portion appears structureless and starchy. The odor is 
very slight. The taste is starchy, mucilaginous and sweet. 

Constituents: Starch, mucilage, pectin, sugar, fat, 
asparagin (althein), betaine, etc. 

Preparations : 

Species Pectoralis N. F. ; Dose, 4 Om. (1 drachm). 
Syrupus Althseae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils ( 1 fl. dr. ) . 



41 




ASCLEPIAS 



1, Large root with a rough surface and transverse de- 
pressions. 2, Irregular piece of root with sunken surface. 
3, 4, Peeled root showing wavy lines of conducting tissue. 
5, Transverse section with concentric and slightly radiate 
lines. 



42 



ASCLEPIAS (Asclep.) N. F. 

English name : Asclepias. 

Synonyms : Pleurisy Root, Butterfly "Weed Root. 

Botanical origin: Asclepias tuber vsa Linne. (Fam. 
Asclepiadacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern, Southern, Middle, and Middle 
Western United States. 

Description : 

Asclepias occurs as entire roots, as transverse and oblique slices, or 
as broken fragments. The roots are simple or rarely branched and 
have a few small rootlets free of cortex. Entire roots measure up 
to 26 cm. in length and up to 6 cm. in diameter. Stems are rarely 
present. They are circular, smooth, and hollow, and have an easily 
removed cortex. The texture is. fibrous and starchy. The color is 
orange when recently gathered, but in time changes to light 
orange, and finally gray. The surface of the younger roots is 
nearly smooth, while that of the older roots is rough. This rough- 
ness is caused by the separation of the periderm and by numerous 
incomplete transverse depressions, caused by the shortening of the 
length of the root during drying. When the periderm is removed 
the surface is nearly white with darker-colored wavy lines of con- 
ducting tissue. Transverse sections show fine concentric and 
coarser radiating ridges. The fracture is very tough and uneven. 
The outline is irregularly rounded. The cortex is thin, hard and 
brittle. The wood has fine concentric and coarser radiating ridges. 
The color varies from nearly white with yellow conducting tissue 
to dull gray. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter 
and acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, tannin, albumin, pectin, gum, 
fat, volatile oil, resin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Asclepiadis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



43 




IPECACUANHA-CARTAGENA 

1, A branched root. 2, A large root with numerous ridges 
and shallow fissures. 3, Stem portion of the plant above 
and root below. 4, A large fissure. 5, A small rootlet. 
The cross-section showing the cortex thicker than the wood 
is unnumbered. 



44 



IPECACUANHA (Ipecac.) U. S. P. 
(1) Cartagena Ipecac 

English name : Ipecac. 

Synonyms : Cartagena Ipecac, Colombia Ipecac. 

Botanical origin: Cephaelis acuminata Karsten. 
(Fam. BubiacecB.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 1.75 per cent, of ether-soluble 
alkaloids. 

Ash: Not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 
per cent. 

Habitat: Colombia. 

Description : 

Cartagena ipecac occurs as a mixture of entire, and as broken 
pieces of, roots. These roots are simple and branched and have 
many fine rootlets. They measure up to 15 cm. in length and up 
to 8 mm. in diameter. The stems are frequently as large as the 
roots, and they are very tough and woody. The texture of the 
cortex of the roots is horny; of the wood, fibrous. The color is 
grayish brown. The surface has a few low, incomplete transverse 
ridges, and a few narrow fissures. The fracture of the cortex is 
weak, brittle and even ; that of the wood, strong, tough and even. 
The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is 
grayish brown, horny, and slightly radiate when magnified, and 
it is thicker than the wood. The wood is yellowish white and finely 
fibrous. The odor is indistinct. The taste is bitter, nauseous and 
acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (emetine, cephaeline, etc.), 
starch, sugar, resin, choline, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). 
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii ; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (from fluidextract) ; Dose, Expectorant, 

1 mil (15 min.); Emetic, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Vinum Ipecacuanhae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



46 




IPECACUANHA-RIO 

1, Stem above and root below. 2, Irregular transverse 
ridge. 3, A broad fissure. 4, Transverse section of the 
root. 



46 






IPECACUANHA (Ipecac.) U. S. P. 

(2) Rio Ipecac 

English name : Ipecac. 

Synonyms : Eio Ipecac, Brazilian Ipecac. 

Botanical origin: Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) 
A. Richard. (Fam. Rubiaeece.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities: Xot more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 1.75 per cent, of ether-soluble 
alkaloids. 

Ash: Not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 
per cent. 

Habitat: Brazil, Bolivia; cultivated. 

Description : 

Rio ipecac occurs as entire or as broken pieces of roots. The 
roots are simple or branched and much twisted and crooked. 
They measure up to 18 cm. in length and up to 6 mm. in diame- 
ter. The stems have a smaller diameter than the roots, and they 
are very fibrous. The texture of the cortex of the root is waxy; 
of the wood, fibrous. The color varies from dark brown to nearly 
black. The surface has numerous incomplete transverse ridges 
and shallow or broad fissures, which extend to the wood. The 
outline of cross-sections is irregularly cylindrical. The fracture 
of the cortex is weak, brittle and even; that of the wood, strong, 
tough and even. The cortex is as thick as the wood and yellowish 
white. The cambium zone is dark brown. The wood is yellowish 
white and finely fibrous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
bitter, nauseous and acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (emetine, cephaeline, etc.), 
starch, sugar, resin, choline, etc. 

Dose: (Emetic) 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Ipecacuanha? ; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). 
Pulvis Ipecacuanha? et Opii; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhas (from fluidextract) ; Dose. Expectorant, 

1 mil (15 min.) ; Emetic, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Ipecacuanha? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Vinum Ipecacuanha? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



47 




PYRETHRUM 

1, Broken surface showing radiate ridges. 2, Tuft of white 
fibers in center of the crown. 3, Crown showing concen- 
tric lines. 4, Cut longitudinal surface showing wavy line. 
5, Root with a large crown. 6, A slightly twisted spindle- 
shaped root. 

48 



PYRETHRUM (Pyreth.) U. S. P. 

English name : Pyrethrum. 

Synonyms : Pellitory Root, Roman Pyrethrum. 

Botanical origin: Anacyclus Pyrethrum (Linne) Dc 
Candolle. (Fam. Compositce.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern Africa, Algeria almost wholly. 

Description : 

Pyrethrum occurs as whole and broken pieces, varying in length 
up to 14 cm. and in width up to 15 mm. The roots are mostly 
simple, slightly twisted, and frequently narrowed at either end. 
The crown is slightly enlarged, finely annulate, and marked above 
with projecting fibers. The center is hollow or it contains a tuft 
of white unicellular hairs. The surface is rough and wrinkled, 
occasionally longitudinally furrowed. The texture is resinous. 
The fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The outline is irregu- 
lar and wavy. The cortex is resinous and dark yellowish brown. 
The wood is light yellow and marked with dark yellow radiating 
bands of tissue. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, 
pungent, acrid and tingling. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, pyrethrin, tannin, gum, fat, 
etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Pyrethri (used externally). 



49 




LAPPA-AMERICAN 

1, Curved root with a crown and leaf bases. 2, Twisted 
root with a finely furrowed surface. 3, Longitudinal sec- 
tion showing partially hollow pith. 4, White hairs in cen- 
ter of the crown. 5, Larger crown showing concentric 
ridges. 6, White pith. 



50 



LAPPA N. F. 

(1) American Lappa 

English name : Lappa. 

Synonyms : Burdock Root, American Burdock. 

Botanical origin: Arctium minus. (Fam. Com- 
posite.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and United States. 

Description : 

American lappa occurs as a mixture of entire, curved or twisted 
roots, as longitudinal slices, and as broken pieces. The roots are 
simple or branched, and they measure up to 25 cm. in length 
and up to 15 mm. in diameter. The crown is scaly, slightly annu- 
late, and hollow above. The cavity is filled either with unicellular 
hairs of undeveloped leaves or with partially developed leaves. 
The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light grayish yellow 
to dark brown and is rarely abraded. The surface is finely fur- 
rowed and has few elevated root scars. The fracture is brittle 
and uneven. The outline of cross-sections is nearly circular. The 
cortex is yellowish brown and distinctly radiate. The wood has 
distinct yellowish radial conducting tissue near the cambium zone 
and a hollow or solid pith center. The odor is not characteristic. 
The taste is slightly sweet, mucilaginous and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, 
inulin, sugar, fat, mucilage, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Lappge. Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



51 




LAPPA-EUROPEAN 

1, Crown with tuft of white hairs. 2, Longitudinal section 
showing the white pith and the incurved edges of the cor- 
tex. 3, Small curved root. 4, Large transverse section. 
5, Small transverse section. 



52 



LAPPA N. F. 

(2) European Lappa 

English name : Lappa. 

Synonyms: Burdock Root, Foreign Burdock, Euro- 
pean Burdock. 

Botanical origin: Arctium Lappa Linne. (Fam. Com 
positce.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None mentioned. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Northern Asia; sparingly natu- 
ralized in the United States, mostly in the East- 
ern States. 

Description : 

European lappa occurs as entire roots, as longitudinal, and as 
transverse slices or root. The entire roots are usually simple. 
They measure up to 30 cm. in length and up to 25 mm. in 
diameter. The crown is slightly annulate, hollow above and fre- 
quently filled with unicellular hairs of partially developed leaves. 
The texture is resinous and horny. The color is grayish brown 
or white where the surface has been abraded. The surface is 
irregularly longitudinally furrowed, and has slightly elevated root 
scars. The fracture is very brittle and uneven. The outline of 
cross-sections of entire roots is cylindrical; of cut slices, irregular. 
The cortex, which is yellowish gray or brown, is thin and slightly 
radiate. The cambium zone is blackish brown. The wood is 
yellowish white near the cambium and radiate. The pith is white 
and cleft or solid. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is 
sweet, mucilaginous and slightly bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, 
inulin, sugar, fat, mucilage, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Lappoe; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



53 




BELLADONNA RADIX 

1, Large root with a finely wrinkled and abraded surface. 

2, Stem of the plant. 3, White abraded surface. 4, Dark 
cambium separating the cortex and wood. 5, White 
starchy wood. 6, Dark resinous wood. 



54 



BELLADONNA RADIX (Bellad. Rad.) U. S. P. 

English name : Belladonna Root. 

Synonyms : Deadly Nightshade Root. 

Botanical Origin: Atropa Belladonna Linne. (Fam. 
Solanacece.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of its stem 
bases or other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.45 per cent, of the total alka- 
loids of Belladonna Root. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern and Central Europe ; cultivated in 
Germany, England, and the United States. 

Description : 

Belladonna root occurs as entire or broken fragments, or as longi- 
tudinal sections, which vary in length up to 30 cm. and in diame- 
ter up to 2.7 cm. Stem bases are frequently present. They are 
woody, hollow, annulate and wrinkled. The roots are simple or 
branched. The texture is starchy, resinous and slightly fibrous. 
The color is grayish brown. The surface is longitudinally 
wrinkled with numerous white patches where the surface has been 
abraded. The fracture is weak, brittle, and even. The outline of 
entire roots is cylindrical; of cut roots, very irregular. The 
cortex is thick, white and starchy, or resinous and dark gray. 
Most sections show a dark zone in the region of the cambium. 
The wood is yellow and radiate. The pith is very thick and 
starchy. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, bitter 
and acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, albumin, atrosin, alkaloids 
(atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.), etc. 

Dose: 0.045 Gm. (% grain). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Belladonna? Radicis; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). 
Linimentum Belladonna? (from fluidextract). 



55 




PETROSELINI RADIX 

1, Longitudinal section with recurved cortex and ridge of 
pith. 2, Annulate surface. 3, Transverse section showing 



round resin cavities. 



56 



PETROSELINI RADIX (Petrosel. Rad.) N. F. 



English name : Parsley Root. 

Synonyms : Garden Parsley, Common Parsley. 

Botanical origin: Petroselinum sativum Hoffmann. 
(Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern Europe; cultivated quite univer- 
sally. 

Description : 

Parsley root occurs as entire, longitudinally cut, and as broken 
pieces, varying in length up to 25 cm. and in diameter up to 3 cm 
The crown is cone-shaped, annulate, and scaly. The roots are 
mostly simple. The texture is non-fibrous. The color is light 
yellowish brown. The surface is interruptedly annulate, 
longitudinally wrinkled; the root scars are elevated and slightly 
depressed in the center. The fracture is very weak, brittle and 
uneven when dry, but pliable when moist. The outline varies 
from nearly cylindrical to very irregular. Sections of longitudi- 
nal pieces show a prominent wood portion and incurved margins 
of the cortex. The cortex is yellow brown, and it has scattered 
reddish brown resin cavities with resin. The wood is light yellow- 
ish brown with brown resin cavities. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents: Gum, starch, sugar, volatile oil, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Petroselini Radicis 



Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



57 




SENEGA 



1, Crown with numerous stem bases. 2, Branch at right 
angles to the main root. 3, Surface view of the crown. 4, 



Keel. 5, Broken root, 
is typical of senega. 



6, Undeveloped part of wood which 



58 



SENEGA (Seneg.) U. S. P. 

English name : Senega. 

Synonyms: Seneca Snakeroot, Senega Snakeroot. 

Botanical origin: Poly gala Senega Linne. (Fam. 
Polygalacece.) 

Part used: Root. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, stems and other 
foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Canada, Eastern United States west to Cana- 
dian Rockies and south to Arkansas and North 
Carolina. 

Description : 

Senega occurs in broken pieces, varying in length up to 29 cm. 
and in diameter up to 11 mm. at the crown. The crown bears 
generously, having often as many as 40 stem bases. The stems 
are of variable length, and they have numerous purple scales. 
The surface of the crown is purplish black. The root is usually 
branched and twisted, and the branches frequently grow out at 
right angles. On a few of the roots there is a keel, or ridge, 
which extends a short distance from the crown. In many of the 
roots the wood is exposed, owing to the removal of the cortex. 
The texture is resinous and woody. The color varies from brown- 
ish yellow to blackish yellow. The surface is annulate near the 
crown and in the region of the root branches; other parts of the 
surface are longitudinally wrinkled. The fracture is very weak, 
brittle and uneven. The outline is cylindrical and wavy. The 
cortex is thin and yellowish brown. The wood is light yellow, 
and in places undeveloped and finely porous. The odor is slight. 
The taste is sweet and acrid. 

Constituents: Saponin, polygalic acid, senegin, resin, 
fat, sugar, oil (fixed and volatile), etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Senegae ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 

Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 2 mils 

(30 min.). 
Syrupus Senegae (from fluidextract); Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



59 




1, Oblique section showing cambium zone and radiate 
wood. 2, Longitudinal section. 3, Transverse section of 
cut root. 4, Wrinkled outer surface of the root. 5, Radiate 
ridges common in the drug of commerce. 



CALUMBA (Calumb.) U. S. P. 

Snglish name : Calumba. 

ynonyms: Columba, Columbo, Colombo. 

lotanical origin: Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck) 
Miers. (Fam. Menispermacece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Eastern Africa ; also cultivated. 

Description : 

Calumba occurs as transverse, oblique, and as longitudinal slices. 
These sections are usually entire. They measure up to 8 cm. in 
diameter and up to 12 mm. in thickness. The texture is fibrous 
and starchy. The color is dark reddish, yellowish, or greenish 
brown. The surface is irregularly wrinkled. The fracture is 
brittle and even. The outline of the transverse slices is circular; 
of the oblique slices, oval; of the longitudinal slices, rectangular. 
The cortex is thick. The thin oiitermost layer is brown, and the 
remaining part of the cortex is greenish yellow except near the 
cambium ring, where it is yellowish gray. This inner layer fre- 
quently has dark radiating lines of tissue. The wood is dark 
yellowish green near the cambium, and has dark, interrupted 
lines of conducting tissue. The central portion is greenish yellow 
with a few scattered masses of conducting tissue. The odor is 
not distinct. The taste is very bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids, starch, pectin, gum, resin, 
fat, volatile oil, wax, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Calumbaa N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura CalumbaB; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



Gl 




BRYONIA 

1, Large transverse section. 2, Longitudinal section. 3, 
Section showing prominent concentric and radiate ridges. 



4, Small transverse section. 5, Wrinkled surface with 
cortex curved back from the cut surface. 



the 



62 



BRYONIA (Bryon.) N. F. 

English name : Bryonia. 

Synonyms: Wild Bryony, Bryony Root. 

Botanical origin: Bryonia alba Linne or Bryonia 
dioica Jacqu. (Fam. Cucurbit acece.) 

Part used : Root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Central and Southern Europe. 

Description: 

Bryonia occurs as transverse, oblique, and as longitudinal slices. 
These pieces measure up to 11 cm. in width and up to 16 mm. in 
thickness. The texture is starchy. The color is grayish yellow or 
grayish brown. The surface is irregularly wrinkled. The fracture 
is very brittle and even. The outline is circular in transverse, 
oval in oblique, and rectangular in longitudinal sections. The 
cortex is thin and brownish yellow. The wood is white or yellow- 
ish white. The wood forms concentric and radiating zones. The 
odor is slight. The taste is bitter and nauseating. 

Constituents: Starch, gum, sugar, fat, glucosides 
(bryonin, bryonidin), resin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Bryoniae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



63 




Rhubarb in wooden case covered with yellow tissue paper 
painted red at the border. Inside the case is an inner tin 
or zinc which is hermetically sealed. 

64 






CHAPTER II 
RHIZOMES 

IN the study of rhizomes the following must be con- 
sidered: Occurrence, size, type, nature, stem and 
leaf scars and bases, texture, color, surface, tenacity, 
fracture, outline, cortex, cambium or endodermis, 
wood or central cylinder, pith, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence/ Rhizomes are entire, as in gera- 
nium ; or broken, as in blue flag ; or cut transversely, 
as in zedoaria and in galangal; or cut longitudinally, 
as in blue flag. 

2. Size. The size of rhizomes varies in length from 
8 cm., as in Virginia serpentaria, to 8.5 dm., as in 
some of the unbroken rhizomes of wild yam. The 
diameter varies from one millimeter, as in Virginia 
snake-root, to 5 cm., as in zedoaria. 

3. Type. All the rhizomes are horizontal except 
trillium, which is frequently oblique. 

4. Nature. Rhizomes are simple, as in trillium and 
some of the rhizomes of geranium. All the other rhi- 
zomes are branched. 

5. Stem and Leaf Scars and Bases. Stem bases or 
scars of stems are diagnostic in most rhizomes. Their 
distinctness, size, position— whether above, even with, 
or below the surface of the rhizome— and their dis- 
tance apart must be considered. The stem scars on the 
branches of all the gingers are sunken, laterally con- 
stricted; the stem scars on geranium and wild yam 
are indistinct. The leaf scars on Florentine orris root 
are distinct. American male fern consists largely of 
stipe bases. 

6. Texture. The texture is resinous, as in a good 
quality of any of the gingers ; fibrous, as in wild yam 
and galangal; starchy, as in geranium; oily and 
starchy, as in trillium. 

65 



7. Color. The more common colors are grays, yel- 
lows, and browns, which are combined to form the 
characteristic colors of the different drugs. The color 
of each drug is given under the description. 

8. Surface. The surface of wild yam is nodulated ; 
that of galangal, blue flag, orris root, the unpeeled 
portion of gingers and trillium is annulated; that of 
Jamaica ginger is smooth. 

9. Tenacity. By tenacity is meant the resistance 
which a rhizome offers to tearing and pulling stresses. 
The six classes are as follows : Very weak brittle, weak 
brittle, brittle, tough, strong tough and very strong 
tough. Very weak brittle: There are no rhizomes 
which come under this class. Weak brittle : Male fern 
(American and European). Brittle: The brittle 
rhizome is blue flag. Tough : All the gingers. Strong 
tough : Geranium and beth root. Very strong tough : 
Wild yam, orris roots, and galangal belong to this 
class. 

10. Fracture. The fracture is even, as in orris 
root ; uneven, as in the gingers, etc. 

11. Outline of Transverse Sections. The outline of 
most rhizomes is nearly cylindrical. In the gingers, 
the outline is oval. 

12. Cortex. The cortex may be thin, as in African 
ginger and in geranium ; thick, as in blue flag, orris 
roots and zedoary ; very thick, as in galangal and beth 
root. The color of the cortex is characteristic for each 
drug. The markings are not distinct in the cortex of 
any of the rhizomes except beth root, which has many 
cavities formed by decayed roots. 

13. Endodermis. The endodermis is distinct in 
most of the rhizomes when they are freshly cut. 

14. Central Cylinder. The central cylinder of 
Florentine orris root and most of the other rhizomes 
shows scattered bundles of conducting tissue. Zedoarj' 
has numerous dark resin cavities with resin. In wild 
yam and zedoary the bundles are not distinct. 

15. Pith. The pith is not distinct in most of the 
rhizomes. 

66 



16. Odor. The gingers, orris roots, gaiangal and 
zedoary are strongly aromatic; beth root is slightly 
aromatic; wild yam, blue flag, geranium, and the 
aspidiums are not odorous. 

17. Taste. All the gingers, orris root, zedoary and 
galanga are pungent; geranium is astringent; wild 
yam is starchy and acrid ; beth root is sweet, bitter and 
acrid; male fern is sweet, astringent and acrid; orris 
roots are sweet, pungent and acrid. 



67 




DIOSCOREA 



1, Portion of stem attached to the rhizome and a rhizome 
which is branched and nodulated. 2, Wiry slender rootlets. 
3, Cut woody surface. 4, Cross-section showing thin cor- 
tex. 



68 



DIOSCOREA (Diosc.) N. F. 

English name : Dioscorea. 

Synonyms : Wild Yam Root, Yam Root. 

Botanical origin: Dioscorea villosa Linne. (Fam. 
DioscoreacecB. ) 

Part used : Dried rhizome. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Canada; Eastern, Central, and Southern 
United States. 

Description : 

Wild yam occurs as broken pieces of the rhizome. The rhizomes 
are branched. They measure up to 70 cm. in length and up to 
10 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal, and the younger 
part frequently bears a portion of the slender, striated, twisted 
stem. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light to dark 
yellow. The upper surface is marked with circular, slightly de- 
pressed stem scars or with nodular projections, and has a short 
stem base with long and short rootlets. The under surface has 
nodular projections and rootlets, and, like the upper surface, it is 
finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very tough and 
even. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The cross-section is gray- 
ish white, and shows, when magnified, yellow conducting tissue. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is starchy and acrid. 

Constituents : Resin, starch, saponin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Dioscoreae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 




IRIS VERSICOLOR 

1, Outer surface of a typical rhizome. 2, Leaf bast 
Transversely wrinkled roots. 4, Root scar. 5, Central cyl- 
inder showing scattered conducting tissue. 



70 



IRIS VERSICOLOR (Iris Vers.) N. F. 

English name : Blue Flag. 

Synonyms : Iris Koot. 

Botanical origin: Iris versicolor Linne. (Fain. Iri- 
dacecB.) 

Part used : Dried rhizome. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of roots and 
leaf bases. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern North America and Central United 
States. 

Description : 

Blue flag occurs as entire rhizomes, or as longitudinal slices, or as 
broken pieces. The rhizomes are simple or branched, and they 
measure up to 15 cm. in length and up to 18 mm. in diameter. 
The rhizome is horizontal and no stem scars are present ; the 
rhizome is the stem. The texture is slightly starchy and fibrous. 
The color varies from gray to purplish brown. The upper surface 
has many dark, obliquely annulate leaf scars with scattered masses 
of conducting tissue. The surface between the scars is wrinkled 
longitudinally. The under surface has numerous fine, transversely 
wrinkled roots or circular depressed root scars. The fracture is 
brittle and uneven. The outline of the sections is cylindrical or 
irregular. The cortex is purplish brown, thick, and finely por- 
ous. The endodermis is yellowish white, and the central cylinder 
is purplish and has numerous scattered yellowish masses of con- 
ducting tissue. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, 
astringent and acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, gum, tannin, oil, sugar, resin, 
glucoside (iridin). etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Iridis Versicolors ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



71 




IRIS— FLORENTINE 

1, Branched rhizome. 2, Root scars on the under surface. 
3, Indistinct annulations. 4, Transverse section showing 
thick cortex. 5, Section showing conducting tissue in scat- 
tered masses. 



72 



IRIS N. F. 

(1) Florentine Orris 

English name : Orris. 

Synonyms : Orris Root, Florentine Orris Root. 

Botanical origin: Iris florentina Linne. (Fam. Iri- 
dacecB.) 

Part used : Rhizome freed from roots, and peeled and 
dried. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not less than 2 per cent, nor more than 5 per 
cent. 

Habitat: Eastern Mediterranean region, Northern 
Africa ; cultivated in Europe for the drug, in the 
United States for the flower. 

Description : 

Florentine orris occurs as entire or broken pieces of the com- 
pletely peeled rhizome. The rhizome is simple or branched, and 
the branches are broad at the end but narrow at the point of 
origin from the main rhizome. They measure up to 12 cm. in 
length and up to 4 cm. in width and a maximum thickness of 
2 cm. The rhizome is horizontal and free of stems or stem scars. 
The texture is starchy and non-fibrous. The color is whitish yel- 
low. The upper surface is annulate with leaf scars showing the 
circular parallel rows of conducting tissue. The under surface 
has numerous circular depressed root scars or circular slightly 
projecting cut portions of roots. The fracture is very strong, 
tough and even. The outline of cross-sections is circular or oval, 
and has a slightly irregular edge. The cortex is thick and grayish 
white. The endodermis is distinct and yellowish. The central 
cylinder has numerous circular isolated masses of conducting 
tissue, which are more numerous near the endodermis. The odor 
is fragrant and aromatic. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and 
pungent. 

Constituents: Ionone, starch, resin, tannin, volatile 
oil, etc. 

Dose : Not used therapeutically. 

Preparations : 

None. 



r.\ 




IRIS— VERONA 

1, Large rhizome showing under surface and numerous 
root scars. -2, Leaf bases. 3, Portion of unpeeled surface. 
4, Cortex. 5, Large, frequently dark, central cylinder. 



74 



IRIS N. F. 
(2) Verona Orris 



English name : Orris. 

Synonyms : Orris Root, Verona Orris Root. 

Botanical origin: Iris germanica Linne, Iris pallida 
Lamarck. (Fam. Iridacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome freed from roots, and peeled and 
dried. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not less than 2 per cent, nor more than 5 per 
cent. 

Habitat: Eastern Mediterranean region, Northern 
Africa ; cultivated in Europe for the drug, in the 
United States for the flower. 

Description : 

Verona orris occurs as entire or broken pieces of the partially 
peeled rhizome. The rhizome is branched, but the commercial 
drug consists largely of separated branches, or it is simple. The 
root measures up to 14 cm. in length and up to 3 cm. in diameter, 
and a maximum thickness of 15 mm. It is horizontal and free of 
stem bases and scars. The texture is starchy and non-fibrous. 
The color of the unpeeled surface is orange-yellow, that of the 
peeled surface grayish yellow. The upper surface is rough; this 
roughness is caused by careless paring. The siirface has patches 
of orange-yellow periderm or numerous whitish concentric leaf 
bases. The under surface has numerous circular depressed root 
scars or circular, slightly projecting, cut portions of roots. The 
fracture is very strong, tough, and even. The outline is broadly 
oval and wavy. The cortex is thin and grayish white. The endo- 
dermis is distinct and yellowish, and the circular masses of con- 
ducting tissue are scattered throughout the stele, which is green- 
ish yellow to brown. The odor is fragrant and aromatic. The 
taste is slightly sweet, bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: Ionone, starch, resin, tannin, volatile 
oil, etc. 

Dose : Not used therapeutically. 

Preparations : 

None. 




GERANIUM 

1, A branched rhizome with a strongly nodulated surface. 
A btem scar. 3, Nodule. 4, Cross-section of the rhizome. 



76 



^ 



GERANIUM (Geran.) N. P. 

English name : Geranium. 

Synonyms: Wild Geranium, Cranesbill. 

Botanical origin: Geranium maculatum Linne. (Fam. 
Geraniacece. ) 

Part used: Dried rhizome. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern and Central North America, and 
Middle Western United States. 

Description : 

Geranium rhizome occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces. The rhizome is simple or branched, and it measures up 
to 11 cm. in length and up to 15 mm in width. Jt is horizontal 
and is marked with circular, slightly depressed stem scars. The 
texture is starchy««nd waxy. The color is dark yellowish or red- 
dish brown. The upper surface has many circular stem scars and 
is prominently nodulated. Between the nodules the rhizome is 
annulate with transverse ridges. The under surface and sides 
are nodulated and annulated. The fracture is strong, tough, and 
even. The outline is irregularly oval. The cortex is thick and 
purplish brown. The cambium zone is prominent and darker than 
the remaining portion of the surface. The wood has isolated yel- 
lowish masses of conducting tissue near the cambium. The pith 
makes up the greater part of the rhizome and is grayish purple. 
The odor is indistinct. The taste is strongly astringent. 

Constituents : Tannin, gallic acid, resin, pectin, sugar, 
geranium red, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Geranii; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



77 




ZINGIBER— JAMAICA 

1, A typical branched peeled rhizome. 2, Small rhizome. 
3, Stem scar. 



78 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 
(1) Jamaica Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms: Jamaica Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 
Zingiberacece.) 

Part used : Khizoine. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Cultivated in West Indies. 

Description : 

Jamaica ginger occurs as a mixture of irregularly branched rhi- 
zomes and broken pieces. All surfaces are completely peeled. 
The rhizomes measure up to 12 cm. in length, up to 3.5 cm. in 
height, and up to 1 cm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, and 
the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. 
The texture is starchy, resinous and fibrous. The color of all sur- 
faces is yellowish brown. The upper surface has several branches 
which terminate in sunken stem scars. All the surfaces are 
striated longitudinally, and have a few projecting thread-like 
strands of conducting tissue. The under surface frequently has 
short, undeveloped branches, or longer branches which normally 
continue the growth of the rhizome. The fracture is brittle and 
uneven. The outline is oval. This is caused by lateral com- 
pression. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is yellowish and 
encloses the large stele; it has scattered masses of conducting 
tissue and resin cavities with resin. The color is light yellow. 
The odor is strongly aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

f 15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V& grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. dr). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



79 




ZINGIBER-AFRICAN 



1, A branched rhizome, 
rhizome. 3, Small rhizome, 
showing small resin cells. 



2, Unpeeled portion of the 
4,. Stem scar. 5, Cross-section 



80 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 
(2) African Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms: African Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 
Zingib eracece.) 

Part used: Rhizome. 

Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non- volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether, and not less than 4 per cent. 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Cultivated in tropical Africa. 

Description : 

African ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire 
rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The fiat surfaces are mostly 
peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 9 cm. in length, up to 2.5 cm. 
in height and up to 1.5 cm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, 
and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem 
scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut 
surface is dark grayish brown, that of the cut surface brownish 
black. The upper surface has many short and long branches 
with prominent terminal stem scars with cork. The under sur- 
face, which frequently has branches which in turn branch, has 
patches of cork. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline 
is nearly circular or broadly oval. The cortex is thin and yellow- 
ish brown. The endodermis is dark brown. The stele is large 
and has numerous separated masses of conducting cells and red- 
dish resin cells with resin. The odor is aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

(15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compos itus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fiuidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



starch, gum, fat, acrid 



81 




ZINGIBER-OALICUT 

1, A large branched rhizome. 2, Broad type of rhizome. 
3, Stem scar. 4, Small rhizome. 5, Cross-section of rhizome 
showing resin cells. 



82 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 
(3) Calcutta Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms : Calcutta Ginger, Race Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 
Zingib eracece.) 

Part used: Rhizome. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Cultivated in India. 

Description : 

Calcutta ginger occurs as irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, 
and as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are partially or com 
pletely peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length, to 
3 cm. in height and to 1 5 cm. in width. The rhizome is hori- 
zontal, and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken 
stem scars. The texture is starchy, resinous and fibrous. The 
color of the uncut surface is grayish brown, that of the cut sur- 
face bluish. The upper surface has many short and long branches 
with prominent terminal sunken stem scars. The under surface 
has several long, incompletely developed branches with cork. The 
fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. The 
cortex is thin and darker than the remaining part of the rhizome. 
The endodermis is yellowish. The stele is large and has numer- 
ous separated masses of conducting cells, and resin cavities with 
resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly aromatic and 
pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

(15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V 2 grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



83 




ZINGIBER-CALCUTTA 

1, Branched rhizome. 2, Unbranched rhizome. 3, Annulate 
leaf scar. 4, Transverse section showing resin cells. 5. 
Stem scar. 



84 






^w 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 
(4) Calicut Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms: Calicut Ginger, Lemon Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 

Zingib eraceoe.) 

Part used : Rhizome. 

Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Cultivated on west coast of Africa. 

Description : 

Calicut ginger occurs as irregular, branched, entire rhizomes, and 
as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are mostly peeled. The 
rhizomes measure up to 8 cm. in length, to 2.8 cm. in height and 
to 13 mm. in width. The rhizome is horizontal, and the ends of 
the branches have circular or oval sunken stem scars. The texture 
is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut surface is dark 
yellow, orange, or reddish brown ; of the cut surface, grayish brown. 
The upper surface has short and long branches with prominent 
sunken stem scars. The under surface has many undeveloped 
branches with cork patches. The fracture is brittle and uneven. 
The outline varies from oval to circular. The cortex is thin. The 
endodermis is indistinct. The stele is large and has large scat- 
tered masses of brownish conducting strands and small yellow 
resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
strongly aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

(15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus; Dose. 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



85 




ZINGIBER— COCHIN 

1, Branched rhizome. 2, Large hranch. 3, Cross section 
of rhizome showing resin cells. 4, Stem scar. 



SG 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 

(5) Cochin Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms : Cochin Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 
Zingiberacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Cultivated in China. 

Description : 

Chinese ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire 
rhizomes, and as broken pieces. The flat surfaces are partially 
or completely peeled. The rhizomes measure up to 6.7 cm. in 
length, to 3.5 cm. in height and to 12 mm. in diameter. The 
rhizome is horizontal; the ends of the branches have circular or 
oval sunken stem scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The 
color of the uncut surface is light gray or yellowish brown; of the 
cut surface, light grayish yellow. The upper surface has long and 
short branches with sunken stem scars and patches of cork. The 
under surface has branches of variable length with cork patches. 
The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. 
The cortex is thin. The endodermis is light brown. The stele 
is large and has numerous separated strands of conducting tissue 
and yellow resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

(15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



87 




ZINGIBER-JAPANESE 

1, Large branched rhizome. 2, Simple rhizome. 3, Small 
rhizome. 4, Stem scar. 5, Section showing resin cells. 



88 



ZINGIBER (Zingib.) U. S. P. 
(6) Japanese Ginger 

English name : Ginger. 

Synonyms: Japanese Ginger. 

Botanical origin: Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Fam. 
Zingib eracece.) 

Part used : Rhizome. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile ex- 
tract soluble in ether and not less than 4 per cent, 
of an extract soluble in alcohol. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Cultivated in Japan. 

Description : 

Japanese ginger occurs as a mixture of irregular, branched, entire 
rhizomes, and of broken pieces. The flat surfaces are usually 
completely peeled. The rhizome measures up to 7 cm. in length, 
to 2.8 cm. in height and to 12 mm. in width. It is horizontal, 
and the ends of the branches have circular or oval sunken stem 
scars. The texture is starchy and fibrous. The color of the uncut 
and cut surfaces is grayish white, owing to a thin coating of lime. 
The upper surface has short, broad branches with a terminal con- 
stricted stem scar and with patches of cork. The under surface 
has short or long branches with adhering cork. The fracture is 
brittle and uneven. The outline is broadly oval. The cortex is 
thick. The endodermis is dark brown. The stele is large and 
has numerous very small separated masses of conducting cells and 
yellowish resin cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is strongly aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, starch, gum, fat, acrid 
resin, gingerol, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from aromatic powder) ; Dose, 1 mil 

(15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Zingiberis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Zingiberis; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Zingiberis (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Zingiberis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



89 




GALANGA 



1, Annulate, wavy leaf bases or scars. 2, Simple rhizome. 
3. Branched rhizome. 4, Transverse section of rhizome 
showing scattered circular conducting strands. 

90 



GALANGA (Galang.) N. F. 

English name: Galanga. 

Synonyms : Galangal, East India Root. 

Botanical origin: AJpinia officinarum Hance (Fam. 
Zingiberacece.) 

Part used: Dried rhizome. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: China; cultivated in Asia. 

Description : 

Galanga rhizome occurs as long, transverse pieces. The rhizome 
is branched. The branches may be separated. They measure up 
to 11.5 cm. in length and to 2 cm. in diameter. The rhizome is 
horizontal. The texture is fibrous. The color is dark reddish or 
cinnamon brown. The surface is annulate with numerous light 
yellow, wavy leaf bases. The fracture is strong, tough and uneven. 
The outline is irregularly circular. The diameter of the cut ends 
is greater than the central portion. This is caused by the tissues 
bending outward. The cortex is thick and has no distinctive 
markings. The endo dermis is indistinct and encloses a large stele 
with scattered masses of conducting tissue. The odor is aromatic. 
The taste is aromatic and pungent, resembling pepper. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, starch, fixed oil, 
crystalline principles, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

None. 



91 




ZEDOARIA 



1, Large transverse section of the rhizome. 2, Longitudinal 
section of the rhizome. 3, Top of the rhizome showing con- 
centric leaf scars. 4, Cross-section showing sunken tis- 
sue inside endodermis. 5, Projecting woody conducting 
strands. 6, Wrinkled outer surface of the rhizome. 



92 



ZEDOARIA (Zedoar.) N. F. 



English name : Zedoary. 

Synonyms : Zedoary Root. 

Botanical origin: Curcuma Zedoaria (Bergius) Ros- 
coe. (F am.. Zingiber acece.) 

Part used : Dried rhizome. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : 7 per cent, or less. 

Habitat: East Indies. 

Description : 

Zedoary occurs as a mixture of transverse and longitudinal slices 
of the rhizome. The slices measure up to 5 cm. in diameter and 
to 15 mm. in thickness. The rhizome is vertical. The texture is 
resinous and starchy. The color of the uncut surface is yellowish 
or reddish brown. The edge (uncut surface) of the slices is 
wrinkled and has several root scars, from the center of which 
project short woody conducting strands. The fracture is brittle 
and even. The cortex is thick and grayish yellow, and it has 
scattered brown resin cavities with resin. The endodermis is 
yellowish white, on either side of which the tissues are dark. The 
stele is grayish brown, and it has great numbers of brown resin 
cavities with resin. The odor is aromatic and is suggestive of 
camphor. The taste is pungent and bitter. 



Constituents: Starch, 
volatile oil, etc. 



gum, bitter extractive, resin, 



Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Tinctura Zedoariae Amara N. 



P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 




ASPIDIUM-AMERICAN 

1, Large rhizome with stipe bases, roots and scales. 2, 
Cross-section of stipe base showing conducting strands. 
3, Worthless upper part of stipe. 4, Stipe bases separated 
from the rhizome. 



94 



ASPIDIUM (Aspid.) U. S. P. 
(1) American Aspidium 

English name : Aspidium. 

Synonyms : American Male Fern. 

Botanical origin : Dryopteris marginalis (Linne) Asa 
Gray. (Fam. Polypodiacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and stipes. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Most of North America. 

Description : 

American male fern occurs as entire rhizomes with attached 
stipes, scales and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 10 cm. in 
length, to 6 cm. in width and to 7 cm. in height. The rhizome is 
horizontal and is simple. The stipe bases are curved and scaly 
below. The texture is soft and slightly fibrous. The color is 
brownish black. The surface of stipes is longitudinally wrinkled 
but smooth. The roots are brownish black and wiry. The scales 
are dark brown. The fracture of the stipes and rhizomes is 
weak, brittle and even. The outline of the stipes is oval, that of 
the rhizome irregular. Cross-sections have up to 12 yellowish 
strands of conducting tissue arranged in a circle near the epi- 
dermis. The odor is indistinct. The taste is sweet, astringent and 
acrid. 

Constituents: Filicic acid, volatile oil, bitter prin- 
ciples, starch, wax, resin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Oleoresina Aspidii ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 



95 




ASPIDIUM— EUROPEAN 

1, Outer part of rhizome showing stipe scars. 2, Lon- 
gitudinal section of the rhizome showing the conducting 
strands. 3, Curved and furrowed stipe base. 4, Cross-sec- 
tion of rhizome. 



96 



ASPIDIUM (Aspid.) U. S. P. 
(2) European Aspidium 

English name : Aspidium. 

Synonyms : European Male Fern. 

Botanical origin: Dryopteris Filix-mas (Linne) 
Schott. (Fam. Polypodiacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and stipes. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. 

Description : 

European male fern occurs as the partially peeled stipes and rhi 
zomes and, rarely, as the entire rhizome. The stipes measure up 
to 6 cm. in length and to 9 cm. in length in diameter. The rhi- 
zome measures up to 15 cm. in length and to 3.5 mm. in diameter. 
The rhizome is simple and has numerous curved, persistent stem 
bases, and numerous roots and scales. The stem bases are promi- 
nent and have a great number of rusty brown scales. The outer 
part is black and decayed. The texture of the peeled stipes is 
fleshy; that of the rhizome, fleshy and fibrous. The color of the 
unpeeled stipes is brownish black, that of the peeled stipes brown- 
ish yellow. The color of the rhizomes varies from brownish yellow 
to brownish black. The surface of the stipes is longitudinally fur- 
rowed and has patches of brownish black periderm. The outer 
surface of the rhizomes has numerous broken stipe bases sur- 
rounded by semicircular brown colored depressions. The cut sur- 
face of the rhizomes has long-branching yellowish strands of con- 
ducting tissue. The fracture of the stipes and rhizomes is very 
weak, brittle, and even. The outline of the sections is irregular. 
The sections show a reddish brown outer region, a central region 
with up to 12 yellow conducting strands arranged in a circle, and 
an inner reddish-brown portion, which is distinctly porous when 
magnified. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is sweet, 
astringent and acrid. 

Constituents: Filicic acid, volatile oil, bitter prin- 
ciples, starch, wax, resin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Oleoresina Aspidii; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 



97 




TRILLIUM 

1, Large rhizome with numerous stem scars. 2, Small 
rhizome with roots. 3, Small horizontal rhizome. 4, 
Cross-section showing the thick cortex with cavities caused 
by decaying roots. 5, Stem scar. 



9S 



TRILLIUM (Trill.) N. F. 

English name: Trillium. 

Synonyms : Beth Root, Wake-Robin. 

Botanical origin : Trillium erectum Linne and closely 
allied species of Trillium. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used : Dried rhizome. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Eastern and Central North America. 

Description : 

Trillium occurs as a mixture of entire and cut sections of the 
rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 6 cm. in width. 
The young rhizomes are horizontal ; the older rhizomes are oblique 
or horizontal; both are simple. They have a maximum length of 
6 cm. and a maximum diameter of 3 cm. The older rhizomes 
have large, depressed stem scars. The texture is oily and starchy. 
The color varies from light yellow to dark reddish brown. The 
surface has numerous light yellow transversely wrinkled roots. 
The rhizome has slightly annulate leaf scars and numerous large 
depressed, elongated stem scars. The rhizome is usually termi- 
nated by an undeveloped stem bud and by numerous scales. The 
fracture is brittle and even. The cortex is thick and has numer- 
ous root scars. The endo dermis is distinct and dark greenish 
brown. There are no distinctive markings within the endodermis. 
The color of the surface is greenish yellow. The odor is slight, 
like rancid oil, not characteristic. The taste is sweet, bitter or 
acrid. 

Constituents: Saponin (trillin), resin, fixed oil, starch, 
tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Trillii ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



99 




Bags of different shapes and sizes. At right, a bag of pars- 
ley root on top of fennel seed. At left, canary seed in 
striped bag, licorice cuttings in tall bag (rear). 

100 



CHAPTER III 

RHIZOMES AND ROOTS 

IN the study of rhizomes and roots the following 
must be considered : Occurrence, size, type, nature, 
stem and leaf scars and bases, texture, color, surface, 
tenacity, fracture, outline, cortex, cambium or endo 
dermis, wood or central cylinder, pith, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Roots and rhizomes occur in the 
entire condition, as in helonias ; or broken, as in man- 
drake ; or cut, as in sumbul. 

2. Size. The length of rhizomes varies from 15 
mm., as in geranium, to 8.5 dm., as in gentian. The 
diameter varies from 2 mm., as in Virginia serpen- 
taria, up to 12.2 cm., as in sumbul. The roots of lady- 
slipper, unicorn root and helonias are usually less than 
1 mm. in diameter. 

3. Type. The rhizomes of gentian, taraxacum, ve- 
ratrum, etc., are vertical ; those of mandrake, asarum 
and many others are horizontal; helonias, aralia and 
pimpinella are oblique. The type is always given in 
the description. 

4. Nature. The root and rhizome may be simple or 
branched. Helonias is a simple rhizome ; spigelia is a 
branched rhizome. 

5. Stem and Leaf Scars and Bases. The stem scars 
of pink root are very small and contiguous; in man- 
drake and blue cohosh they are larger; in spikenard 
root they are very large. Stem bases. Short stem 
bases occur in leptandra; long stem bases occur in 
black cohosh, hydrastis, and blue cohosh. In dande- 
lion and in senega the stem bases form a multiple 
crown. 

Leaf Bases and Leaves. Leaf bases are diagnostic 
in veratrum, gentian, European angelica, dandelion, 

101 



convallaria, helonias, and young rhizomes of unicorn 
root. Leaves occur in both Virginia and Texas snake- 
root. 

6. Texture. The texture of berberis, gelsemium, 
hydrangea, Russian and Spanish licorice roots, and 
echinacea is fibrous and ivoody; gentian is non- 
fibrous; inula is resinous, etc. 

7. Color. Shades of gray, yellow, brown, red, are 
common in roots and rhizomes. Each drug has a nor- 
mal color variation, which is a criterion of quality. 

8. Surface. The surface of the rhizome portion of 
the vertical roots and rhizomes is annulate, as in 
American angelica. Prominent rings also occur on the 
black cohosh and on mandrake and helonias. It will be 
seen by referring to the plates that the rings may 
be contiguous, as in helonias, or separated by consid- 
erable space, as in black cohosh. 

9. Tenacity. The tenacity or resistance to break- 
ing varies in the different roots and rhizomes. Ac- 
cording to the resistance which they offer, they are 
divided into classes as follows: Very weak brittle, 
weak brittle, brittle, tough, strong tough, and very 
strong tough roots and rhizomes. Very weak brittle : 
Texas and Virginia snakeroot, pink root, asarum, 
hydrastis, valerian, cypripedium, the angelicas, and 
senega. Weak brittle : Mandrake, parsley, pimpinella, 
and the male ferns. Brittle: Apocynum, dandelion, 
and gentian; dandelion and gentian, if moist, are 
pliable. Tough: Stillingia. Strong tough: Marsh- 
mallow, the licorice roots, leptandra, echinacea and 
valerian rhizome. Very strong tough: Wild yam, 
sumbul, Phytolacca, inula and kava. 

The following cannot be broken by the ordinary 
means: Rhubarb, berberis, gelsemium, hydrangea, 
convallaria, spikenard, triticum and the roots of caulo- 
phyllum, aletris and helonias. 

10. Fracture. The fracture of apocynum is even; 
of leptandra uneven; of hydrangea hackly. 

11. Outline. The outline of the roots and rhizomes 
is usually irregularly cylindrical. 

102 



12. Cortex. The cortex is thin, as in berberis; 
thicker, as in apocynum ; or several times thicker than 
the wood (exception), as in dandelion. The color of 
the cortex is fairly uniform, and diagnostic for each 
drug. The markings of the cortex are indistinct in 
some drugs, distinct in others. The cortex of Ameri- 
can angelica and Spanish licorice is finely radiate; 
dandelion has concentric latex zones ; German angelica 
has large oleoresin cavities. 

13. Cambium. The cambium zone is usually dis- 
tinct in most drugs. 

14. Wood. The wood of berberis is concentric and 
radiate; of gelsemium, echinacea and kava, radiate; 
apocynum has large pores ; German angelica is radiate 
near the cambium; mandrake has an interrupted 
circle of yellow conducting tissue ; rhubarb is mottled. 

15. Pith. The pith is prominent in a number of 
drugs. In berberis it is dark brown and small; in 
angelica it is large and frequently layered; in triti- 
cum the pith is hollow. 

16. Odor. Many of the drugs have diagnostic 
odors, others are odorless. It should be remembered 
that odor is a criterion of quality. 

17. Taste. The taste of the different drugs varies 
considerably. A few of the drugs have simple tastes 
(one). Russian and Spanish licorice and triticum are 
sweet ; berberis, gelsemium, hydrastis and helonias are 
bitter; asarum is pungent. In the remaining roots 
and rhizomes two or more tastes are experienced as 
indicated under the description of each drug. 



103 




BERBERIS 

1, Large root with a split branch. 2, Longitudinal sec- 
tion showing small pith and patches of medullary rays. 
3, Concentric rings of wood. 4, Radiating medullary rays. 
5, Thin cortex. 



104 



BERBERIS (Berber.) N. F. 

English name : Berber is. 

Synonyms : Oregon Grape Root, Trailing Mahonia. 

Botanical origin : Species of Odostemon Rafinesque of 
the genus Berberis Linne. (Fam. Berberidacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of the over- 
ground parts of the plant or other foreign matter. 
Berberis without the bark should be rejected. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Mountainous regions of North and South 
America. 

Description : 

Berberis occurs as broken and as long transversely cut pieces 
of the rhizome and roots. Their length is variable and they 
measure up to 5 cm. in diameter. The sections of the roots are 
simple or branched. The texture is fibrous. The color varies 
from light yellow to dark yellowish brown. The surface is rough. 
This roughness is caused by small, irregular fissures of the peri- 
derm. The fracture is very strong, tough, and hackly. The out- 
line of the cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin 
and brownish green. The wood is concentric and is divided into 
small zones by the numerous radial medullary rays. In longitu- 
dinal sections of the root the medullary rays form broad, dark- 
colored bands. The pith is central or eccentral and is very small 
and greenish brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste 
is bitter. 

Constituents: Gum, fat, resin, tannin, alkaloids (ber- 
berine, oxycanthine, etc.), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Berberidis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



105 




GELSEMIUM 



1, A twisted, split (at 1) and striated root. 2, Small fis- 
sure beginning at root scar. 3, Small wiry roots. 4, Thin 
cortex. 5, Thick, finely radiate wood. 



106 



GELSEMIUM (Gelsem.) U. S. P. 

English name : Gelsemium. 

Synonyms: Yellow Jasmine Root, Evening Trumpet 

Flower. 

Botanical origin: Gelsemium sempervirens (Linne) 
Aiton films. (Fam. Loganiacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Eastern United States from Virginia to 



Florida and west to Texas 
America. 



Mexico and Central 



Description : 

Gelsemium occurs as a mixture of long transverse or oblique sec- 
tions of the rhizome and roots. These sections measure up to 30 
cm. in length and up to 35 mm. in diameter. The sections are 
frequently spirally twisted and usually simple. The texture is 
fibrous. The color varies from light yellowish brown to purple. 
The surface of the rhizome is longitudinally striated and trans- 
versely fissured, or occasionally split near the cut ends. The 
surface of the roots, which are small and wiry, is nearly smooth. 
The fracture is very strong, tough and hackly. The outline of 
cross-sections is nearly cylindrical or oval. The cortex is thin and 
purplish brown. The wood is indistinctly concentric and porous 
when magnified, and it is divided into narrow zones by radial 
medullary rays. The pith is very small and brown. The odor is 
not characteristic. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, acid, alkaloids (gel- 
semine, gelseminine), etc. 

Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Gelsemii; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (Yq grain). 
Fluidextractum Gelsemii; Dose, 0.03 mil ( Vz min.). 
Tinctura Gelsemii; Dose, 0.25 mil (4 min.). 



107 




HYDRANGEA 

1, Woody knotted crown. 2, Cut surface of wood. 3, Fine 
roots. 



108 



HYDRANGEA (Hydrang.) N. F. 

English name : Hydrangea. 

Synonyms : Seven-barks, Wild Hydrangea. 

Botanical origin: Hydrangea arborescens Linne. 
(Fam. Saxifragacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat : Southeastern United States, from New York 
to Florida and west to Louisiana. 

Description : 

Hydrangea occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and roots 
and as broken pieces. The crown measures up to 6 cm. in 
diameter ; the roots to 3 dm. in length and to 3 cm. in diameter. 
The crown is usually multiple, and the stem bases are woody, 
hollow and pinkish. The stem scars are circular and depressed. 
The crown is compound; the stem bases have a thin, easily sepa- 
rated cortex. The wood, usually splits longitudinally and has a 
white pith. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light 
yellow to pinkish or reddish brown. The surface of the crown is 
gnarled and rough. The tortuous roots are longitudinally striated 
and have root scars or broken fibrous roots. The fracture is very 
strong, tough, and hackly. The outline of the cross-sections is 
nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin and pinkish brown. The 
wood is fibrous, finely radiate and nearly white. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents : Fat, resin, starch, fixed and volatile oih 
glucoside (hydrangin), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Hydrangea?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



109 




GLYCYRRHIZA-RUSSIAN 

L.? nP o ele p W With ? ray and reddish-brown patches of 

rSot" f ' w2 d r -°V^ h sma11 fissures - s - Sl » :l11 Peeled 
root. 4, Wood, o. Thick cortex. 



110 



GLYCYRRHIZA (Glycyrrh.) U. S. P. 

(1) Russian Glycyrrhiza 

English name: Glycyrrhiza. 

Synonyms : Licorice, Liquorice Root, Russian Licorice. 

Botanical origin: Glycyrrhiza glabra glanclulifera 
Regel et Herder. (Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given in Pharmacopoeia. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Russia, Hungary. 

Description : 

Russian glycyrrhiza occurs as the entire and broken peeled or 
unpeeled roots, or cut pieces. The roots measure up to 6 dm. 
in length and to 6 cm. in diameter. Stem bases are never pres- 
ent. The roots are usually simple and tapering. The texture is 
soft fibrous. The color of the peeled roots is greenish yellow; that 
of the unpeeled roots, brownish red. The surface of the peeled 
roots is smooth or rough and has transverse clefts; the surface 
of the unpeeled roots is rough and wrinkled, and it has many 
elevated lenticels. The fracture is tough and uneven. The out- 
line of the cross-section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, 
radially cleft and radiate. The cambium zone is distinct. The 
wood is yellowish green and radiate. The pith is small and 
inconspicuous. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, volatile oil, asparagin, 
resin, sugar, yellow coloring matter, bitter prin- 
ciple, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Glycyrrhizae (from Fluidextract). 

Elixir GlycyrrhizaB Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum. 

Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita- (from extract) ; Dose, 10 mils 

(2% fl. drs.). 
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus ; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Syrupus Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



Ill 




GLYCYRRHIZA-SPANISH 

1, Rhizome showing wrinkled surface. 2, Small bud. 3, 
Longitudinal section showing central pith and cortex. 4, 
Cross-section of rhizome. 



112 



GLYCYRRHIZA (Glycyrrh.) U. S. P. 
(2) Spanish Glycyrrhiza 

English name : Glycyrrhiza. 

Synonyms: Licorice, Liquorice Root, Spanish Licorice. 

Botanical origin: Glycyrrhiza glabra typica Regel et 
Herder. (Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Central and Western Asia, Southern Europe. 

Description : 

Spanish Glycyrrhiza occurs as the entire rhizome and root, or as 
sawed sections arranged in bundles and held together with wire 
bands, or it occurs as small cut pieces called cut licorice, or as 
the cut stems, rhizomes, and roots separated in making the bun- 
dles and known as licorice cuttings. This contains much worth- 
less stem bases. The entire drug measures up to 1 m. in length 
and to 2 cm. in diameter. The rhizome is simple and the crown 
usually has several stem bases, which vary in color from grayish 
brown to nearly black, very woody, and with brown piths. The 
texture is fibrous. The color is grayish or purplish brown with 
light yellow longitudinal patches of cork. The surface of the 
rhizome is rough, longitudinally wrinkled, and has alternately 
arranged buds. The roots are small, inconspicuous, and occur 
near the bud. The fracture is tough and uneven. The outline 
of the cross-section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick and 
radiate. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish 
green, radiate and porous. The pith is bright yellowish green. 
The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, volatile oil, asparagin, 
resin, sugar, yellow coloring matter, bitter prin- 
ciple, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Glycyrrhiza (from fluidextract). 

Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Elixir Glycyrrhiza Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhizae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae. 

Extractum Glycyrrhiza? Purum. 

Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita (from extract) : Dose, 10 mils 

(2% fl. drs.). 
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Syrupus GlycyrrhizaB N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



113 




ECHINACEA 

1, Stem of plant. 2, Typical rhizome and root. 3, Longi- 
tudinal section. 4, Transverse section. 



114 



ECHINACEA (Echin.) N. F. 

English name : Echinacea. 

Synonyms : Pale Purple Cone Flower. 

Botanical origin: Brauneria pallida (Nuttall) Britton 
(Echinacea an gusti folia De Candolle). (Fam. 
Compositce. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat : Central and Southern United States. 

Description : 

Echinacea occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the rhizome and roots. These pieces measure up to 25 cm. in length 
and to 3.8 cm. in diameter. Echinacea is a vertical rhizome and 
root, and is usually crooked and twisted. The croAvn is simple or 
multiple. The stem bases are gray or purplish brown, annulate 
near the crown, striated above, and have a white pith. The texture 
is fibrous. The color varies from gray and yellow to reddish 
brown. The surface of the crown is annulate; that of the root, 
longitudinally striated and wrinkled. The fracture is tough when 
dry, but it is slightly pliable when moist. The outline of the sec- 
tions is cylindrical. The cortex is thick and grayish or brownish 
black. The wood has alternate yellow wedge-shaped masses of 
conducting tissue and parenchymatic tissue with black cell con- 
tents. The pith is small and circular. The odor is not character- 
istic. The taste is sweet and tingling. 

Constituents: Acrid resin, possibly also an alkaloid, 
etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Echinacese; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



115 




APOCYNUM 

1, Portion of stem. 2, Wrinkled and fissured root. 3, 
Transverse section showing the porous wood. 4, Small 
transverse section. 



116 



APOCYNUM (Apocyn.) N. F. 



cannabinum Linne. 



English name: Apocynum. 

Synonyms : Canadian Hemp. 

Botanical origin : Apocynum 
(Fam. Apocynacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: United States and Canada. 

Description : 

Apocynum occurs as broken pieces of the rhizome with and with- 
out roots. The rhizome measures up to 5 cm. in length and to 
2 cm. in diameter. The roots are small and may measure up to 
5 cm. in length. The rhizome is horizontal and simple or 
branched. The stem bases are purplish brown. The bark is thin 
and frequently removed. The wood is yellow and the center is 
usually hollow. The texture is starchy. The color is gray or 
purplish brown. The surface of the rhizomes is longitudinally 
furrowed and transversely fissured. The fracture is weak and 
even. The outlint is irregularly cylindrical. The cortex, which is 
thick, has dark latex cavities. The cambium zone is distinct. 
The wood is yellowish and coarsely porous. The odor is not dis- 
tinct. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Glucosides (apocynin and apocynein), 
resin, starch, gum, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Apocyni ; Dose. 0.75 mil (12 min.). 



117 




GENTIANA 

1, Root with numerous leaf bases. 2, Deep wrinkles. 3, 
Annulate rhizome portion. 4, Curved and twisted root. 5, 
Cross-section of root showing dark cambium zone. 



118 



GENTIANA (Gentian.) U. S. P. 

English name : Gentian. 

Synonyms : Yellow Gentian Root. 

Botanical origin: Gentiana lutea Linne. (Fam. Gen- 
tianacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and root. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Central and Southern Europe. 

Description : 

Gentian root occurs as broken pieces and rarely as entire roots. 
These roots measure up to 8.5 dm. in length, but are usually 
shorter, and to 37 mm. in diameter. The rhizome and root are 
vertical and simple or branched. The crown terminates in a cir- 
cular stem scar or in leafy scales surrounding the undeveloped 
stem. The texture is non-starchy and slightly waxy. The color 
is light or dark yellowish brown. The surface of the rhizome is 
annulate and rough with fibers from leaf bases ; that of the root, 
deeply wrinkled longitudinally. The fracture is brittle when the 
root is dry, but pliable when it is moist. The outline is very 
irregular on account of wrinkles. The cortex is of variable thick- 
ness and yellow-brown. The cambium zone is dark brown. The 
wood is distinctly radiate near the cambium, but less so near the 
large brownish yellow pith. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
sweet or strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Fat, resin, pectin, sugar, glucosides 
(gentiopicrin, gentisin), yellow coloring matter, 
etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Gentiana? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Gentianae et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Gentianae et Ferri Phosphatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Gentianae Glycerinatum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Extractum Gentianae; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Fluidextractum Gentianae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 

Tinctura Amara N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Tinctura Gentianae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



119 




TARAXACUM 



1, Multiple crown and root below. 2, Surface view of 
crown with depressed scars. 3, Scales occurring in the 
crown. 4, Yellow porous wood. 5, Cortex with concentric 
zones of latex. 



120 



TARAXACUM (Tarax.) U. S. P. 

English name: Taraxacum. 

Synonyms: Dandelion, Foreign Dandelion, Lion's 
Tooth. 

Botanical origin: Taraxacum officinale Weber. (Fam. 
Composite.) 

Part used : Rhizome and root. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the United States, 
where it is a common weed. 

Description : 

Dandelion occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fragments of 
the rhizome and roots. These fragments measure up to 16 cm. in 
length and to 3 cm. in diameter at the crown. Dandelion is a 
vertical rhizome and root, and it may be simple or branched. 
Leaf bases or leaf scars terminate the branches of the crown. The 
texture is waxy. The color varies from light gray to dark reddish 
brown. The surface of the crown is annulate with leaf scales ; 
that of the roots is irregularly and longitudinally wrinkled. The 
crown is hollow or has a mass of brown hairs from scales and 
undeveloped leaves. The fracture is brittle when dry but pliable 
when moist. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex makes up the 
greater part of the root and has dark, concentric circles of lati- 
ciferous ducts. The cambium zone is dark brown and distinct. 
The wood is yellow, and in the older roots and rhizome a pith is 
present. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet and bitter. 

Constituents: Resin, bitter principles, inulin, levulin. 
pectin, etc. 

Dose: 10 Gm. (2% drachms). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Taraxaci Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Extractum Taraxaci; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Fluidextractum Taraxaci; Dose, 10 mils (2^ fl. drs.). 



121 



, .i 




INULA 

1, Longitudinally furrowed surface. 2, Stem scar. 3, Cut 
surface of the rhizome. 4, Resinous cut surface. 



122 



INULA N. F. 



English name : Inula. 

Synonyms : Elecampane, HorseheacU 

Botanical origin: Inula Helenium Linne. (Fam. Com- 
positce. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of its stem 
bases or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia, Central Europe ; naturalized in North- 
eastern North America, south to North Carolina, 
west to Missouri. 

Description : 

Inula occurs as a mixture of entire rhizomes and roots, as broken 
and as cut slices. The rhizomes measure up to 6.5 cm. in diame- 
ter near the crown. The roots measure up to 18 cm. in length. 
The roots are simple or branched. The crown has one or more 
stem scars, or short stem bases, or the fibrous remains of stems, 
or a central terminal bud with grayish brown scales. The texture 
is resinous and fibrous. The color varies from a light yellow to 
brownish black. The surface of the crown is slightly annulate 
and longitudinally furrowed, and has several prominent buds. The 
surface of the roots is longitudinally furrowed and wrinkled, and 
has root scars. The fracture is very strong, tough and even when 
dry, long and pliable when moist. The outline of the cross- 
section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is of unequal diameter, 
brownish white, and finely radiate. The cambium zone is dis- 
tinct. The wood is finely radiate and has yellowish green resin 
masses. The pith is small and inconspicuous. The odor is aro- 
matic. The taste is sweet, pungent, or acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, mucilage, helenin. 
inulin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Enters into Pilulae Antiperiodioe N. F. 
odica N. F. 



and Tinctura Antiperi- 



123 




ANGELICA RADIX-AMERICAN 



1, Annulate rhizome with several branches. 2, Large white 
pith. 3, Small root. 4, Cross-section showing cortex with 
resin ceils and slightly radiate wood, and pith. 5, Longi- 
tudinal section. 

124 



ANGELICA RADIX (Angel. Rad.) N. F. 
(1) American Angelica Root 

English name: Angelica Root. 

Synonyms : American Angelica, Great Angelica, Pur- 
ple Angelica. 

Botanical origin: Angelica atropurpurea Linne and 
other species of Angelica. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases 
and leaves or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern United States, south to Delaware, 
west to Minnesota. 

Description : 

American Angelica Root occurs as a mixture of the longitudinally 
cut rhizome with entire and cut roots. The rhizome and roots 
measure up to 30 cm. in length, the crown to 4 cm. in diameter, 
and the roots to 15 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is usually 
simple, but the roots are branched. The crown tapers upward 
and is usually free of scales and stem bases. The texture is non- 
fibrous. The color varies from grayish yellow to grayish brown. 
The surface of the rhizome is prominently annulate ; that of the 
roots is longitudinally wrinkled, and has elevated points of origin 
of rootlets or root scars. The fracture is very weak, brittle, even 
when dry, but soft and pliable when moist. The outline of cross- 
section is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, radiate, and 
has scattered yellowish oleoresin cavities. The cambium zone is 
distinct. The wood is radiate and the pith is large and fre- 
quently separated in the rhizome into layers by longitudinal clefts. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent and tingling. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, acid resin (angelicin), 
angelic acid, starch, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Angelicas Radicis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



125 




ANGELICA RADIX-EUROPEAN 

1, Numerous leaf bases attached to the crown. 2, Annu- 
late surface. 3, Small pliable root. 4, Cortex with resin 
cavities. 5, Pith. 6, Radiate yellow wood. 



126 



ANGELICA RADIX (Angel. Rad.) N. F. 
(2) European Angelica Boot 

English name: Angelica Root. 

Synonyms: European Angelica, Garden Angelica, 
Arkangel. 

Botanical origin: Angelica Archangelica Linne and 
other species of Angelica. (Fam. TJmbelliferce.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stem bases 
and leaves or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern Europe; cultivated in France, 
Germany and Belgium. 

Description : 

German Angelica Root occurs as the entire rhizome with its nu- 
merous roots folded, twisted and braided. The drug measures up 
to 15 cm. in length and to 4.5 cm. in diameter at the crown. The 
rhizome and the roots are simple or branched. The crown has 
numerous concentric purplish or brown prominently veined scales. 
The texture is fleshy. The color varies from a light grayish brown 
to a purplish brown. The surface of the rhizome portion is annu- 
late. The surface of the roots is longitudinally furrowed and with 
small transversely elongated ridges which are the point of origin 
of the rootlets. The fracture is short when dry, but long and 
pliable when moist. The outline of cross-sections of the rhizome 
and roots is nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thick, radiate, and 
with numerous isolated, yellowish brown oleoresin cavities. The 
cambium zone is distinct. The wood is distinctly radiate. The 
pith is large and frequently longitudinally cleft in the rhizome. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is aromatic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, acrid resin (angelicin), 
angelic acid, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Angelica Radicis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



12: 




VERATRUM VIRIDE 

1, Concentric leaf bases attached to the crown. 2, Longi- 
tudinal section of the rhizome. 3, Curved and twisted 
soft-tissued roots. 4, Surface view of the crown. 5, Cross- 
section of the rhizome showing the cortex. 6, Central 
cylinder. 



128 



VERATRUM VIRIDE (Verat. Vir.) U. S. P. 

English name : Veratrum Viride. 

Synonyms: Green Hellebore, American White Helle- 
bore. 

Botanical origin: Veratrum viride Aiton. (Fam. 
Liliaceoe. ) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems and 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Eastern North America, south to Georgia 
and Tennessee. 

Description : 

Veratrum Viride occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and 
the roots with longitudinal sections of the rhizomes. The rhizome 
is vertical, short or elongated; both roots and rhizomes are simple. 
The rhizomes have a maximum length of 10 cm. and width of 4 cm. 
The upper part of the rhizome has numerous concentric leaf scales. 
The texture is starchy and resinous. The color of the scales is 
yellowish white, of the roots gray or grayish yellow, of the 
rhizome brownish black. The surface of the scales is striated, 
that of the rhizome rough, that of the roots wrinkled. The frac- 
ture of the rhizome is strong and tough, that of the roots very 
weak and brittle. The outline of entire rhizomes and of roots is 
cylindrical. The cortex is thick, and it has scattered masses of 
yellowish conducting cells. The endodermis is very distinct and 
yellowish brown. The central cylinder has numerous irregular 
groups of yellowish conducting tissue. The odor is not distinct. 
The taste is sweet, bitter or acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (veratrine, rubiervine), fat. 
resin, gum, starch, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 
Tinctura Veratri Viridis; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



129 




VALERIANA 

1, Stem scar of valerian and folded roots. 2, Double band 
of grass 3, Mass of roots. 4, Split rhizome and the large 
roots of Belgian valerian. 



130 



VALERIANA (Valer.) U. S. P. 

English name: Valerian. 

Synonyms : Valerian Koot, Garden Valerian. 

Botanical origin: Valeriana officinalis Linne. (Fam. 
Valerianae ece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and root. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Asia; cultivated in Germany, 
Belgium and England; naturalized in New York 
and New Jersey. 

Description : 

Valeriana occurs as a mixture of the entire rhizome and roots and 
of cut sections of the rhizome with roots. The rhizomes of German 
Valeriana are usually entire. The roots are folded and held 
together with a blade of dried grass passed twice around the roots 
and tied. The rhizomes measure up to 4 cm. in length, and to 
2 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 18 cm. in length, 
and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is vertical, simple or 
branched, and has one or more stem bases and numerous leaf 
scales. The roots are branched or simple. The texture is non- 
fibrous and waxy. The color varies from a gray to yellowish 
brown. The surface of the rhizome is rough from root scars and 
is annulate. The roots are wrinkled longitudinally. The fracture 
of the roots is very weak and brittle. The outline of entire 
rhizomes and roots is cylindrical. The cortex is thick. The cam- 
bium zone is distinct. The wood has a yellow ring of conducting 
tissue. The pith is white or grayish white. The cortex of the 
root is thick and yellowish brown. The wood is small, central and 
cylindrical. The odor is strongly and persistently aromatic. The 
taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, acids, tannin, sugar, muci- 
lage, resin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Valerianae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Tinctura Valerianae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



131 



- 

1 I,-.*- 'I. f^\ 






G^g-^* 


* r If^Sbsw "' ^ ! /^ • 


fSfiPp.. 




ef?sr ■* 

MO* • I 






^1T 

> 




Sfe 




MHwl 


4|MW 



CAULOPHYLLUM 



1. Circular depressed stem scar of the rhizome. 2, Wiry 
branched roots. 



132 



CAULOPHYLLUM (Cauloph.) N. F. 

English name : Caulophyllum. 

Synonyms: Blue Cohosh, Papoose Root, Squaw Root. 

Botanical origin: Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linne) 
Miehaux. (Fam. Berberidacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern North America south to North 
Carolina, west to Nebraska. 

Description : 

Caulophyllum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces 
of the rhizomes and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. 
in length and up to 18 mm. in diameter. The branched roots 
measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The 
rhizomes are horizontal and irregularly branched, and they are 
marked above with circular, depressed, contiguous stem scars. 
The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface 
of the rhizome is annulate between the stem scars. The roots are 
finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is tough and hackly. 
The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex of 
the rhizome is thin. The wood is fibrous and radiate. The pith 
is large, solid, or cleft, and brownish. The odor is not charac- 
teristic. The taste is strongly bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Gum, starch, resins, alkaloid (caulophyl- 
line), glucoside (leontin), etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Caulophylli ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



133 







LEPTANDRA 

1, Rhizome, stem bases and numerous woody tough roots. 

2, Purplish pith. 3, Wood. 4, Cortex. 5, Longitudinal 
section of the rhizome. 



134 



LEPTANDRA (Leptand.) N. F. 

English name: Leptandra. 

Synonyms: Culver's Root, Culver's Physic. 

Botanical origin: Veronica virginica Linne. (Fam. 
Scrophulariacece. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern Canada, and United States south to 
Alabama and west to Nebraska. 

Description : 

Leptandra occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 27 cm. in 
length and to 14 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 15 
cm. in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is hori- 
zontal, simple, or branched, and has a large woody, hollow stem 
base, frequently 3 cm. in length, and undeveloped buds. The 
older portions of the rhizome have the shortest stem bases. The 
texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish to purplish 
brown. The surface of the rhizome is annulate with slightly 
elevated leaf scars. The surface of the roots is wrinkled longi- 
tudinally. The fracture is tough and uneven. The outline of 
cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is 
thin, resinous and dark brown. The wood of the rhizome is 
yellowish brown and forms a compact ring. The pith of the 
rhizome is purplish brown. The roots have a purplish brown 
cortex and a small gray central cylinder. The odor is not charac- 
teristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Bitter principle (leptandrin), resin, 
saponin, tannin, gum, mannit, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Leptandra?; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Fluidextractum Leptandra?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



135 




CIMICIFUGA 



1, Portion of the stem. 2 
root. 4, Cross-section of 
wood bundles. 



, Annulate stem bases. 3, Small 
a stem base showing interrupted 



136 



CIMICIFUGA (Cimicif.) U. S. P. 

English name : Cimicif uga. 

Synonyms : Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Macrotys. 

Botanical origin: Cimicif uga racemosa (Linne) Nut- 
tall. (Fam. EanunculacecB.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or 
foreign matter. 

Assay : None given officially. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern North America south to Georgia, 
west to Missouri. 

Description : 

Cimicifuga occurs as a mixture of entire, cut and broken pieces 
of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 15 cm. in 
length and to 30 mm. in diameter, the broken roots up to 10 cm. 
in length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal, 
and has several large stem bases, which frequently measure 10 cm. 
in length, and several undeveloped buds. The texture is resinous 
and fibrous. The color varies from grayish brown to brownish 
black. The surface of the rhizome is annulate with elevated leaf 
scales; and the ends of the stem bases are frequently separated 
into fibrous strands. The fracture is very strong, tough and 
uneven. The outline of cross-sections is nearly cylindrical. The 
cortex is thin. The wood has a broad interrupted radiating struc- 
ture. The pith is large and solid. The roots are cylindrical or 
obtusely angled. The cortex is thick and nearly black. The wood 
is radiate with two to six widely separated strands. The odor is 
not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Resin, cimicifugin, volatile oil, sugar, 
gum, starch, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Cimicifugae. Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Fluidextractum Cimicifugae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Syrupus Cimicifugae Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Cimicifugae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



137 




PODOPHYLLUM 



1, Under surface of the rhizome shoAving stem scars and 
roots. 2, Depressed stem scar. 3, Root scar. 4, Annulate 
leaf scar. 5, Cross-section showing interrupted conducting 
strands. 6, Longitudinal section of the rhizome. 



138 



PODOPHYLLUM (Podoph.) U. S. P. 

English name: Podophyllum. 

Synonyms : Mandrake, May Apple Rhizome. 

Botanical origin: Podophyllum peltatum Linne. 
(Fam. Berberidacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 3 per cent, of resin. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern and Central North America. 

Description : 

Podophyllum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the rhizome and root. It measures up to 30 cm. in length and 
to 15 mm. in diameter at the node. It is a horizontal rhizome 
with enlarged nodes, each with a circular depressed stem scar 
and an occasional undeveloped bud and long internodes up to 
17 cm. in length. The texture is starchy or resinous. The color 
varies from gray and yellow to reddish brown. The upper sur- 
face of the rhizome is striated longitudinally, annulate with light- 
colored, slightly elevated leaf-scale scars and with deep, circular, 
depressed stem scars. The under surface of the rhizome at the 
node has several white root scars or several attached roots. The 
roots are finely striated longitudinally and of a grayish or yellow- 
ish brown color. The fracture of the rhizome and root is weak, 
brittle and even. The outline of the cross-section of the rhizome 
is circular or oval, that of the root circular. The cortex of the 
rhizome is thin and grayish white. The wood has an interrupted 
circle of isolated yellow conducting strands and a large grayish 
white pith. Longitudinal sections of the rhizome show the con- 
ducting strands as parallel lines. The root has a white cortex and 
a solitary central yellow conducting strand. The odor is not dis- 
tinct. The taste is sweet, bitter or acrid. 

Constituents : Resin, glucosides, starch, gum, fixed oil, 
acid, etc. 

Dose : Used only in the form of its preparations. 

Preparations : 

Extractum Podophylli N. F. ; Dose, 0.015 Gm. (% grain). 
Fluidextractum Podophylli; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
ResiDa Podophylli; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). 



139 



■ A 




ASARUM 

1, Rhizome with numerous roots and rootlets. 2, Winded 
edge of the rhizome. 3, Enlarged node. 4, Cross-section 
showing branching wood. 5, Longitudinal section. 



140 



ASARUM (Asar.) N. F. 

English name : Asarum. 

Synonyms : Wild Ginger, Canada Snakeroot. 

Botanical origin: Asarum canadense Linne. (Fam. 

Aristolochiacece. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of other foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Eastern North America south to North Caro- 
lina. 

Description : 

Asarum occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken pieces of 
the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. in 
length and to 6 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 10 
cm. in length. The rhizome has enlarged nodes, is horizontal, 
simple or branched, and twisted or bent. The roots are branched 
Petiole scars occur at the enlarged nodes. The texture is starchy 
or resinous. The color varies from light yellow to dark purplish 
brown. The surface is longitudinally striated and winged and 
occasionally annulate from leaf-scale scars. The fracture is very 
weak, brittle and even. The outline of the cross-section of the 
rhizome varies from nearly cylindrical to triangular or to quad- 
rangular. The cortex is thin and dark yellowish brown. The 
wood has isolated, brown, conducting strands arranged in a circle. 
The pith is yellowish-white. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile and fixed oil, starch, gum, resin, 
etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Asari Compositus; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



141 




CONVALLARLffi RADIX 

1, Rhizome with mass of curved, twisted roots. 2, Leafy 
scales of bud. 3, Node with radiate roots. 4, Internode 
with red spots. 



142 



CONVALLARLffi RADIX (Convallar. Rad.) N. F. 

English name : Convallaria Root. 

Synonyms : Lily-of-the-Valley Root. 

Botanical origin: Convallaria majalis Linne. (Fam. 
LiliacecB. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given officially. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: North America, Europe and Northern Asia; 
cultivated for its flower. 

Description : 

Convallaria Root occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces 
of the rhizome and root. The rhizome measures up to 25 cm. in 
length and to 4 cm. in diameter; the internodes measure up to 4.5 
cm. in length. The roots measure up to 15 cm. in length. The rhi- 
zome is horizontal, simple, or branched, and has enlarged nodes, a 
circle of roots, or root scars, and an occasional undeveloped 
branch or stem. Stem bases^with leafy scales frequently terminate 
the rhizome. The texture is 'fibrous. The color varies from light 
yellow to dark brown, with purple patches. The surface of the 
rhizome is longitudinally striated. The nodes are enlarged and 
have prominent root scars or roots. The fracture is weak, tough, 
even and incomplete. The outline of the rhizome and roots is 
nearly cylindrical. The cortex is thin. The endodermis is dis- 
tinct when magnified. The central cylinder has isolated conduct- 
ing strands. The pith is frequently hollow. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, glucosides (conval- 
lamarin, convallarin), etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Convallariae Radicis ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



143 



V 






WagCi- V 


3 






fcJ3 










"^\ii[^PiF^ If 


l^f* 


if ■I'^Jv 






















• *3 



TRITICUM 

1, Node with circle of roots. 2, Mass of chopped rhizomes. 
3, Cross-section of the rhizome with hollow pith. 4, Fur- 
rowed internode. 



144 



TRITICUM (Tritic.) U. S. P. 

English name : Triticum. 

Synonyms: Couch Grass, Dog Grass. 

Botanical origin: Agropyron repens (Linne) Beau- 
vois. (Fam. Graminece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia; naturalized and common in 
North America. 

Description : 

Triticum occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces, or as 
cut pieces of the rhizome and roots. It measures up to 40 cm. in 
length and to 3 mm. in diameter. The branched roots measure 
up to 7 cm. in length. The rhizome is horizontal, slightly en- 
larged at the nodes, and has a circle of roots or root scars and 
an occasional undeveloped branch. The internodes measure up to 
3.5 cm. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from yellow to 
yellowish brown. The surface of the internodes of the rhizome 
is longitudinally furrowed and smooth, the fracture is very tough, 
even and incomplete. The outline of cross-sections of the rhizome 
is irregular and circular and the central portion is hollow. The 
odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Bitter principle (triticin), levulose, 
acid malates, gum, etc. 

Dose: 8 Gm. (2 drachms). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Tritici; Dose, 10 mils (2 Ms fl. drs.). 



145 




CYPRIPEDIUM 

1, Rhizome with numerous crooked roots. 
3, Stem scar. 



2, Typical root. 



146 



CYPRIPEDIUM (Cypriped.) N. F. 

English name: Cypripedium. 

Synonyms: Lady Slipper Root, Yellow Lady's Slipper 
Root. 

Botanical origin : Cypripedium hirsutum Miller, Cyp- 
ripedium pubescens Willdenow, or Cypripedium 
parviflorum Salisbury. (Fam. Orchidacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of parts of the 
same plant or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Canada and United States, south to Georgia 
and west to Nebraska. 

Description : 

Cypripedium occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces 
of the rhizome and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 11 cm. in 
length and to 7 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal and 
usually simple. The upper surface has several circular depressed 
stem scars which are not over 5 mm. apart. Attached to all sides 
of the rhizome are numerous curved and twisted roots. The 
texture is non-fibrous. The color of the rhizome varies from yel- 
lowish to brownish black; the roots are yellowish brown. The 
surface of the rhizome and roots is finely striated. The fracture 
of the rhizomes and roots is very weak, brittle and uneven. The 
outline of cross-sections of rhizomes and roots is cylindrical. The 
cortex of the rhizome is thin, that of the root thick. The wood 
of the rhizome and root is distinctly not separated into wood and 
pith. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, acids, resin, tannin, starch, 
etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Cypripedii; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



147 




SANGUINARIA 

1, Branched rhizome. 2, Rhizome with its small roots. 
3, Stem scar. 4, Cross-section showing circular latex tubes. 
5, Orange-black surface. 



148 



SANGUINARIA (Sanguin.) U. S. P. 

English name : Sanguinaria. 

Synonyms : Blood Root, Red Puccoon. 

Botanical origin: Sanguinaria canadensis Linne. 
(Fam. Papaveracece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Eastern Canada, south to Florida, west to 
Nebraska. 

Description : 

Sanguinaria occurs as a mixture of the entire and of the broken 
pieces of the rhizome and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 
10.5 cm. in length, to 16 mm. in width and to 12 mm. in height. 
The roots measure up to 1 mm. in width and to 7 cm. in length. 
The rhizomes are vertically compressed and horizontal; both the 
rhizomes and roots are simple or branched. The stem scars are 
depressed and frequently inconspicuous. The younger portion of 
the rhizome may have one or more yellowish brown leaf scales. 
The texture is starchy or resinous. The color varies from a 
grayish to a dark reddish brown. The upper surface has several 
stem scars and numerous incompletely annulate leaf scars and 
roots which are more numerous on the under surface. The frac- 
ture of the rhizome is tough and uneven. The outline of the 
rhizome is oval or, less frequently, cylindrical. The cortex is thin 
and has numerous reddish brown or black circular resin cavities. 
The wood varies in color from yellowish to brownish to reddish 
orange. It has numerous resin cavities which may show clearly 
or be indistinct. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is 
bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (sanguinarine, chelerythrine, 
protopine), citric and malic acids, resin, starch, 
etc. 

Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Sanguinariee N. F. ; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 
Syrupus Sanguinariae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Sanguinariee; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



149 




ALETRIS 

2 5£°l? nd Q ma o n 7 ro ? ts with and without their cortex, 
zome ' Stem base - 4 ' Cross-section of the rhi- 



150 



w 



ALETRIS (Aletr.) N. F. 

English name: Aletris. 

Synonyms : True Unicorn Koot, Star Grass. 

Botanical origin: Aletris farinosa Linne. (Fam. Lili- 
acece.) 

Part used: Khizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. 

Habitat: Maine to Ontario, south to Florida and 
Louisiana. 

Description : 

Aletris occurs as a mixture of the entire and the broken pieces of 
the rhizome and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 5.5 cm. 
in length, and to 12 mm. in width and to 2 cm. in height. The 
roots measure up to 12 cm. in length and to 1 mm. in diameter. 
The rhizome is horizontal, simple or non-branched. The roots are 
tough and wiry, and simple or branched. The stem scars are 
circular, fibrous and hollow. The stem bases are often 8 mm. 
in length. The texture of the rhizome is starchy and fibrous, that 
of the root fibrous. The color of the rhizome varies from grayish 
yellow to grayish brown ; that of the roots, gray when the cortex is 
present, or reddish brown when the cortex is removed. The 
upper surface of the rhizome has numerous fibrous remains of leaf 
bases and stem scars or stems. Numerous roots are attached to 
the side and under surface of the rhizome. The fracture of the 
rhizome is strong and tough; the roots have no fracture. The 
roots have no fracture because they are very strong, fibrous and 
flexible. The outline of the rhizome is irregular, that of the roots 
cylindrical. The cortex is thin and yellowish. The endodermis is 
distinct when magnified. The central cylinder is large, and it has 
numerous scattered yellowish cylindrical masses of conducting 
cells. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is starchy and 
bitter. 

Constituents : Starch, bitter principle, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aletridis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



151 




HYDRASTIS 

1, A large rhizome with numerous roots. 2, Portion of a 
stem. 3, Stem scar. 4, Simple rhizome. 



152 



HYDRASTIS (Hydr.) U. S. P. 

English name: Hydrastis. 

Synonyms : Golden Seal, Orange Root. 

Botanical origin: Hydrastis canadensis Linne. (Fam. 
Ranunculacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 2.5 per cent, of ether-soluble 
alkaloids. 

Ash: None stated officially. 

Habitat : Connecticut to Vermont, to Minnesota, south 
to Georgia and Missouri. 

Description : 

Hydrastis occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the rhizome 
and roots. The rhizome measures up to 6 cm. in length and to 
13 mm. in diameter; the roots measure up to 30 cm. in length 
and to 3 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is horizontal and is 
simple or branched; the upper surface has many circular, slightly 
depressed stem scars, or short stem bases, or portions of stems. 
The stems are fibrous, longitudinally furrowed and greenish 
brown. They are surrounded at the base by numerous thin yellow 
scales. The texture is slightly fibrous. The color varies from 
yellowish to dark grayish or to reddish brown. The surface of 
the rhizome is annulate and longitudinally striated, that of the 
roots striated longitudinally. The fracture is very brittle and 
even. The outline of the rhizome and roots is cylindrical. The 
cortex of the rhizome is thick. The wood has several isolated 
masses of radial conducting cells and a greenish yellow pith. The 
cortex of the roots is yellowish green. The wood is minute and 
yellowish. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (hydrastine, berberine, cana- 
dine), fixed oil, starch, gum, sugar, coloring mat- 
ter, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Hydrastis; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Fluidextractum Hydrastis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Glyceritum Hydrastis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 
Tinctura Hydrastis; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



153 




SPIGELIA 

1, A large branched rhizome with numerous roots. 2, 
Branched root. 3, Stem scar. 4, A branched rhizome freed 
of roots. 



154 



SPIGELIA (Spig.) U. S. P. 

English name: Spigelia. 

Synonyms: Pink Koot. Indian Pink. 

Botanical origin: Spigelia marilandica Linne. (Fam. 
Loganiacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: New Jersey to Wisconsin, south to Florida 
and Texas. 

Description : 

Pink Root occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the rhizome 
and roots. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length and to 
5 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 10 cm. in length. 
The rhizomes are branched, and they have numerous circular de- 
pressed stem scars and stem bases ; the latter measure up to 1 cm. 
in length. The brittle branched roots grow from all parts of the 
rhizome. The texture is non-fibrous. The color of the rhizome 
and roots varies from grayish to brownish black and pinkish 
brown. The rhizome is usually darker than the roots. The sur- 
face of the rhizome is finely annulate, the roots finely striated 
longitudinally. The fracture is very weak, brittle and uneven. 
The outline of the rhizome and roots is cylindrical. The cortex 
of the rhizome is white, of the wood yellow. The pith is white. 
The roots have a white cortex and small central yellow wood. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent, bitter and 
slightly acrid. 

Constituents: Spigeline (alkaloid), volatile oil, tan- 
nin, resin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Spigeliae. Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



155 




SERPENTARIA— TEXAS 

1, Rhizomes with roots. 2, Rhizome freed of roots show- 
ing contiguous stem bases. 3, Stems. 4, Fruit and three 
seeds. 5, A leaf. 



156 



^7^< 



SERPENTARIA (Serpent.) U. S. P. 
(1) Texas Serpentaria 

English name : Serpentaria. 

Synonyms : Texas Snakeroot, Texas Serpentaria. 

Botanical origin: Aristolochia reticulata Nuttall. 
(Fam. Aristolochiacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Louisiana to Arkansas, south to Texas. 

Description : 

Texas Serpentaria occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken 
pieces of the rhizome and root. The rhizomes measure up to 3 
cm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up 
to 10 cm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is 
oblique and simple or branched. It has many contiguous stem 
bases, or longer stems with flowers or with fruits, or with strongly 
reticulately veined, cordate leaf blades. The texture is non- 
fibrous. The color varies from grayish to dark yellowish brown. 
The surface of the rhizome and stem bases is annulate, the surface 
of the roots smooth or slightly striated longitudinally, and occa- 
sionally fissured. The fracture is very weak, brittle and even. 
The outline of the cross-sections of the rhizome, stem bases and 
roots is cylindrical. The cortex of the rhizome is white, of the 
wood, yellow and very small. The odor is aromatic like turpen- 
tine. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, 
starch, gum, resin, etc. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Tinctura Cinchonae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Serpentaria N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



157 




SERPENTARIA-VIRGINIA 

1, Rhizome with its mass of fine branching roots. 2, Leaf. 
3, Seed. 4, Fruit with numerous seeds. 5, Rhizome freed 
of roots. 



158 



SERPENTARIA (Serpent.) U. S. P. 
(2) Virginia Serpentaria 

English name: Serpentaria. 

Synonyms : Virginia Snakeroot, Virginia Serpentaria. 

Botanical origin: Aristolochia Serpentaria Linne. 
(Fam. Aristolochiacece.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida 
and Missouri. * 

Description : 

Virginia Serpentaria occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the rhizome and roots. The rhizome measures up to 
2 cm. in length and to 2.5 mm. in diameter; the roots measure 
up to 12 cm. in length and to 1 mm. in diameter. The rhizome 
is oblique or simple, or branched. It has several short, contigu- 
ous stem bases, or stems with flowers or with fruit, or with an 
occasional leaf. The texture is non-fibrous. The color is yellowish 
brown. The surface of the rhizome and stem bases is finely annu- 
late. The roots are finely striated longitudinally. The fracture 
is very neat, brittle and even. The outline of the rhizome, stem 
bases and roots is cylindrical. The cortex is grayish. The wood 
is yellowish. The cortex of the root is grayish, that of the wood 
minute and yellowish. The odor is aromatic like turpentine. The 
taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, 
starch, sugar, gum, resin. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Tinctura Cinchona? Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) 
Tinctura Serpentariae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



159 




HELONIAS 

1, Oblique rhizome with roots and prominent stem bases. 

2, Stem base. 3, Surface view of stem base. 4, Leaf bases 
which are attached to young rhizomes. 5, Longitudinal sec- 
tion of rhizome. 6, Cross-section of the rhizome. 



160 



HELONIAS (Helon.) N. F. 

English name : Helonias. 

Synonyms : Blazing Star, False Unicorn. 

Botanical origin: Chamcelirium luteum (Linne) A. 
Gray. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Massachusetts to Ontario, to Michigan, south 
to Florida, and west to Arkansas. 

Description : 

Helonias occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken rhizomes 
and the roots. The rhizomes measure up to 7 cm. in length and 
to 15 mm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 9 cm. in length 
and to 2 mm. in diameter. Young rhizomes are erect; older 
rhizomes are oblique. Both the rhizomes and roots are simple. 
The stem scars are prominent and raised above the surface of the 
rhizome. The youngest portion of the rhizome has numerous yel- 
lowish imbricated leaf bases. The texture of both the rhizome 
and the root is resinous and fibrous. The outline of the rhizome 
and roots is cylindrical. The cortex, which is thick and yellowish 
gray, has brown cavities formed by decaying roots. The endoder- 
mis is distinct. The central cylinder has numerous grayish yellow 
groups of conducting tissue. The pith is central and dark yellow- 
ish brown. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is strongly 
bitter. 

Constituents: Glucoside (chamaelirin), etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains).' 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Heloniadis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



161 




ARALIA 

1, Root with a wrinkled surface. 2, Rhizome with large 
contiguous stem scars. 3, Longitudinal section of the 
rhizome. 4, Longitudinal section of the root. 5, Cross- 
section of the root. 



162 



XV s 



ARALIA (Aral.) N. F. 

English name: Aralia. 

Synonyms : American Spikenard Root, Spignet Root, 

Botanical origin: Aralia racemosa Linne. (Fam. 
Araliacece. ) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of adhering 
stem bases or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Canada to Florida, west to Rocky Mountains. 

Description : 

Aralia occurs as a mixture of broken and as cut slices of the 
rhizomes and roots. The rhizome measures up to 20 cm. in length 
and to 6 cm. in diameter. The roots measure up to 4 cm. in 
length and to 27 mm. in diameter. The rhizome is oblique, simple 
or branched, and has large, depressed, contiguous stem scars. 
The texture is fibrous. The color varies from pale yellow to deep 
purplish brown. The rhizome is rough and annulate between the 
stem scars. The roots are longitudinally furrowed and have 
transversely elongated ridges and root scars. The fracture of the 
cortex is brittle and even, that of the wood tough. When moist 
the root is pliable. The outline of sections is cylindrical or 
irregular. The cortex is thick and yellowish white and has brown 
oleoresin cavities; the tissue is irregularly porous when magni- 
fied. The cambium zone is distinct. The wood is yellowish, dis- 
tinctly radiate and loosely arranged. The pith "is white and 
porous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet, pungent or 
acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, pectin, sugar, resin, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aralia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



163 




PIMPINELLA 

1, Nodulated surface of the root. 2, Crown with many stem 
bases. 3, Stem scar. 4, Dark cambium zone. 5, Wood. 



164 



PIMPINELLA (Pimpinell.) N. P. 

English name : Pimpinella. 

Synonyms : Pimpernel Root. 

Botanical origin: Pimpinella Saxifraga Linne or 
Pimpinella magna Linne. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: None given officially. 



Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more #ian 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe. 



Description : 

Pimpinella occurs as a mixture of entire, of broken pieces and of 
cut slices of the rhizome and root. They measure up to 18 cm. in 
length and to 3 cm. at the crown. The rhizome and root are ver- 
tical and oblique. The root is usually simple, but the crown is 
multiple. The stem scars are numerous, circular and depressed. 
The texture is non-fibrous. The color is light brownish yellow. 
The surface of the crown and its branches is annulate; the sur- 
face of the root is longitudinally striated, and both the crown and 
the root are slightly nodulated. The fracture is very weak, brittle 
and uneven when dry, but pliable when moist. The outline is 
nearly circular. The cortex is thick and has numerous groups of 
radially arranged brown phloem tissue. The cambium zone is 
distinct and dark brown. The wood is yellowish and radiate. 
The pith is small and light yellow. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, benzoic acid, pimpi- 
nellin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Pimpinellae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



165 




RHEUM 

1, Large piece of the root showing the wrinkled and sunken 
surface. 2, Cross-section of a root. 3, Irregular perfora- 
tion through which a string is passed in drying the drug. 
4, Square of cut rhubarb. 5, Rectangular piece "of the root. 

166 



^s*^. 



RHEUM U. S. P. 

English name : Rhubarb. 
Synonyms: Rhubarb Root. 

Botanical origin: Rheum officinale Baillon, Rheum 
palmatum Linne, and the var. tanguticum Maxi- 
mowicz, and probably other species of Rheum 
grown in China and Thibet. (Fani. Polygo- 
nacece.) 

Part used: Peeled rhizomes and roots. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: Yields not less than 30 per cent, of extractive 

to diluted alcohol. f 

Ash : Not more than 13 per cent. • 
Habitat: China and Thibet. 
Description : 

Rhubarb occurs as long transverse, or as oblique pieces, or as 
cubes, or as rectangular pieces of the peeled rhizome and roots. 
The pieces are always simple. Leaf scars or leaf bases are pres- 
ent. The pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 15 
cm. in width. The texture is fibrous and resinous. The color 
varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The surface is smooth, 
longitudinally wrinkled or sunken, and frequently has an irregu- 
lar perforation, through which a string is inserted when the drug 
is dried. The root is very strong and tough, and requires a sharp 
blow to break it. The outline of sections is irregular. The cortex 
is thin. The wood is mottled with radial reddish brown medullary 
rays and yellowish white parenchyma tissue, or the mottling may 
be irregular. The pith in the larger pieces is dark brown. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and astringent. 

Constituents: Chrysophanic acid, emodin, rhein, 
tannin, glucoside (glucogallum), bitter principle, 
starch, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidglyceratum Rhei N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). Mistura Rhei 
Alkalina N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Mistura Rhei Composita 
N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Pilulae Rhei N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 
Extractum Rhei; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Fluidextractum 
Rhei; Dose, 1 mil (15 rain.). Pilulae Rhei Compositae; Dose, 2 pills. 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). Syrupus Rhei 
(from fluidextract) ; Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). Syrupus Rhei 
Aromaticus (from aromatic tincture); Dose, 10 mils (2V 2 fl. 
drs.). Tinctura Rhei Aromatic; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinc- 
tura Rhei Aquosa N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Tinctura Rhei 
Dulcis N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). Tinctura Rhei et Gen 
tianae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). Pulvis Rhei et Magnesiae 
Anisatus N. F. ; Dose (for infants), 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Vinum 
Rhei Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

167 




KAVA 

1, Irregular piece of the root. 2, Transverse section show- 
ing the radiate and slightly concentric wood. 3, Large pith. 



168 



KAVA (Kava) N. F. 

English name: Kava. 

Synonyms: Methysticum, Kava Kava. 

Botanical origin: Piper methysticum Forster. (Fam. 
Piperacece.) 

Part used : Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Polynesian Islands. 

Description : 

Kava occurs as a mixture of long-cut transverse and irregular-cut 
sections. The pieces measure up to 10 cm. in width and to 20 
cm. in length. Portions of the cut stem have a central hollow 
pith. The texture is coarse, fibrous and starchy. The color varies 
from grayish brown to nearly black. The surface is longitudinally 
wrinkled and transversely annulate. The fracture is very strong, 
tough and uneven. The outline of the sections is irregular. The 
cortex is very thin. The wood is distinctly concentric or occa- 
sionally radiate. The pith is large, pinkish or yellowish gray and 
sunken. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is starchy, 
sweet, slightly bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: ResiDs, methysticin, glucosides, alka- 
loid, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Kavae; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). 



169 




SUMBUL 

1, Multiple crown with fibrous remains of stem bases. 

2, A large resinous root. 3, Cross-section of a small root. 
4, Branched and irregularly thickened wood. 



170 



SUMBUL (Sumb.) U. S. P. 

English name: Sumbul. 

Synonyms : Musk Boot, Sumbul Root. 

Botanical origin: Ferula Sumbul (Kauffmann) 
Hooker filius. (Fam. TJmbelliferce.) 

Part used: Rhizome and roots. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Central and Northern Asia. 

Description : 

Sumbul occurs as a mixture of the long and short transverse sec- 
tions of the rhizome and of the root. The pieces measure up to 
20 cm. in length and to 12.2 cm. in width. The rhizome is verti- 
cal. The crown is branched, and so is an occasional root. The 
crown has numerous fibrous remains of stem bases. The texture 
is coarsely fibrous and resinous. The color of the rhizome and 
roots varies from grayish yellow to dark-reddish brown. The 
surface of the rhizome is annulate; of the roots, longitudinally 
wrinkled or smooth. The fracture is very strong, tough and 
uneven. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex is thick. In the 
older roots the thickness is variable. The wood is yellowish white 
in color and radiate and cylindrical. The odor is slightly aromatic. 
The taste is bitter or pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, valeric and other 
acids, bitter extractive, etc' 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Sumbul; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Fluidextractum Sumbul; Dose, 2 mils (30 ruin.). 
Tinctura Sumbul N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



171 



CHAPTER IV 

TUBEROUS ROOTS, BULBS AND CORMS 

IN the study of tuberous roots, bulbs aud corms, the 
following must be considered: Occurrence, size. 
type, nature, stem bases or scars, texture, color, sur- 
face, fracture, outline, cortex, wood (central cylinder), 
odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Aconite and corydalis occur in the 
entire condition • colchicum and squill and occasionally 
jalap occur in the cut Condition. 

2. Size. Of this class of drugs jalap is the largest. 
It frequently measures 11 cm. in diameter. 

3. Type. Aconite, jalap and corydalis, the entire 
drugs, are vertical. 

4. Nature. Aconite and jalap are frequently 
branched, the others are simple. 

5. Stem Bases or Scars. Large stem bases are pres- 
ent in aconite and garlic. In colchicum the growth of 
the corm around the stem forms the groove or scar of 
the corm. In the others, the scars are not diagnostic. 

6. Texture. The texture of jalap is resinous, of 
aconite and colchicum starchy and resinous, of scilla 
and corydalis mucilaginous. 

7. Color. The color of aconite is grayish brown, of 
jalap reddish brown, of scilla yellowish white, of co- 
rydalis yellow to reddish brown, of allium white or 
pink, of colchicum brownish black. 

8. Surface. The surface of aconite is wrinkled, of 
jalap furrowed, of scilla rough with projecting vascu- 
lar bundles, of allium with striated scales, of corydalis 
granular, of colchicum rough. 

9. Fracture. Jalap and corydalis are too tough to 

172 



be fractured ; aconite, squill, allium and colchicum are 
brittle. 

10. Outline. The outline of aconite is cylindrical 
or irregular, of jalap and sections of squill irregular ; 
of corydalis, circular or irregular; of colchicum reni- 
form or ovate. 

11. Cortex. The cortex of aconite is thick, of jalap 
thin, of squill, corydalis and colchicum there is no 
distinct cortex. _ 

12. Wood and Central Cylinder. In aconite, the 
wood is 5 to 7 angled, in jalap mottled, in squill not 
distinct, in corydalis and colchicum with oleoresin 
tubes. 

13. Odor. The odor of jalap is smoky, of allium 
strongly aromatic ; in the others it is not characteristic. 

14. Taste. The taste of aconite is sweet, acrid and 
tingling; of jalap, sweet and acrid, of squill sweet, 
bitter and strongly pungent, of eolcMeum bitter and 
acrid. 



173 




ACONITUM 



1, Cluster of two tuberous roots, the older one on the 
left. 2, Surface view of the crown. 3, Cross-section of 
an old shriveled root. 4, Cross-section showing 5, 6, 7. and 
8-angled wood. 



174 



^y>? 



ACONITUM (Aconit.) U. S. P. 

English name: Aconite. 

Synonyms: Monkshood, Aconite Root. 

Botanical origin: Aconitum Napellus Linne. (Fam. 
Ranunculacece.) 

Part used: Tuberous roots. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: 0.5 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. 

B. A.— Minimum lethal dose should not be greater 
than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight 
of guinea-pig. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat : Mountainous regions of Europe and Asia ; 
cultivated in England. 

Description : 

Aconite occurs as clusters of two and three tuberous roots, and as 
roots separated from clusters. The roots measure up to 11 cm. in 
length and to 3 cm. in width at the crown. The tuberous roots 
are fleshy or thickened roots. They are simple or rarely branched. 
The old shriveled rhizome has stem scars, or the basal portion of 
stems with a hollow pith. The texture is starchy or resinous. 
The color is gray to dark reddish brown. Roots which have pro- 
duced stems, flowers, etc., are deeply wrinkled longitudinally and 
slightly twisted, and have large root scars and root fragments. 
The fracture is brittle and even. The outline is cylindrical or 
irregular. The cortex is thick and yellow or grayish brown. The 
cambium zone is distinct and yellow or brown. The wood is 
5, 6, 7 or 8 angled, and in each angle there is a conducting 
strand. The pith is large and parenchymatic, gray and starchy. 
except in the older roots, where it is hollow or fissured and non- 
starchy. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sweet, acrid, 
tingling and benumbing. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (aconitine, benzaconine, aco- 
nine and napelline), aconitic acid, starch, resin, 
fat, sugar, etc. 

Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Aconiti; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (Yq grain). 
Fluidextractum Aconiti; Dose, 0.03 mil (% min.). 
Linimentum Aconiti et Chloroformi N. F. 
Tinctura Aconiti; Dose, 0.3 mil (5 min.). 



175 




JALAPA 



1, An elongated root. 2, Sunken surface of the root. 
3, A typical black and gray surfaced root. 4, Cortex. 5, 
Mottled wood. 6, Branched tuberous root. 



176 



^H 



JALAPA (Jalap.) U. S. P. 

English name: Jalap. 

Synonyms : Jalap Root. 

Botanical origin: Exogonium Purga (Wenderoth) 
Bentham. (Fam. Convolvidacece.) 

Part used : Tuberous root. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 7 per cent, of total resins. 

Ash: Not more than 6.5 per cent. 

Habitat : Mexico ; cultivated in Mexico and India. 

Description : 

" Jalap occurs as the entire and cut pieces of tuberous roots, or is 
entire and partially cut longitudinally to aid in drying. Jalap 
varies in height up to 16 cm. and in width to 11 cm. The tuber- 
ous root is a fleshy, enlarged root. It is simple or branched. The 
upper end is tapering, and it has a rounded stem scar. The tex- 
ture is hard and resinous. The color is dark reddish brown; the 
ridges are light gray or yellow. The surface is rough. This is 
caused by numerous short transverse ridges and by deep longi- 
tudinal furrows. The fracture cannot be made. The broken sur- 
face is uneven. The outline is irregular, rounded or oval. The 
cortex is thin and variable in thickness. The cambium zone is 
dark brown or black and distinct. The wood has dark brown 
threadlike strands of conducting tissue and grayish brown paren- 
chymatic tissue. The odor is smoky. The taste is sweet and acrid. 

Constituents: Resins ( convolvulin, jalapin), sugar, 
gum, starch, coloring matter. 

Dose: 1 Gin. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose. 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Fluidextractum Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Pilula? Catharticae Composita? (from Resin) ; Dose, 2 pills. 
Pulvis Jalapa? Compositus ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Resina Jalapa?; Dose. 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 
Tinctura Jalapa? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Jalapae Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



177 




SCILLA 

1, Concentric slices of squill bulb. 2, Typical curved piece. 
3, Irregular pieces of the bulb. 



178 



SCILLA (Scill.) U. S. P. 

English name : Squill. 

Synonyms : Squills, Squill Bulb. 

Botanical origin: White variety of Urginea maritima 
(Linne) Baker. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

^art used: Fleshy inner scales of the bulb. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: B. A.— Lethal dose should be not greater than 
0.006 mil of tincture or the equivalent in tincture 
of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain for each gramme of 
frog. 

Ash : 8 per cent, or less. 

Habitat : Mediterranean basin. 

Description : 

Squill occurs as entire and broken concentric, transverse slices. 
Squill, when entire, is a tunicated bulb resembling the onion. 
The pieces measure up to 6 cm. in length and to 8 mm. in thick- 
ness. There are no stem bases or stem scars present in the drug. 
The texture is mucilaginous or gummy. The color varies from 
gray to whitish yellow. The uncut surface is smooth and dull. 
The cut surface is rough with projecting masses of conducting 
tissue, which usually occur parallel to and near the inner surface 
of the scale. The fracture is very weak and brittle when squill is 
dry. but pliable when it is moist. The outline of the sections is 
irregular. The cortex and stele are not clearly defined in the 
scales. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, sugar, mucilage, glucosides 
(scillin, scillipicrin, scillitoxin), etc. 

Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). 

Preparations : 

Acetum Scillae; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). 

Fluidextractum Scillae; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 

Oxymel SciUffl X. F. : Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Syrupus Scillae (from vinegar) : Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 

Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 2 mils 

(30 min.). 
Tinctura Scillae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



179 






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CORYDALIS-TURKEY CORN 

1, Many tubers of variable form. 2. Triangular scar on 
the upper side of the tuber. 3, Branched rhizome bearing 
tuber. 4, United tubers. 



180 






OORYDALIS (Coryd.) N. F. 
(1) Turkey Corn 

English name: Corydalis. 

Synonyms: Turkey Corn, Round Turkey Corn, Squir- 
rel Corn. 

Botanical origin: Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Mills- 
paugh. (Fam. Fumariacece.) 

Part used: Dried tubers. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other parts 
of the plants or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North 
Carolina and Missouri. 

Description : 

Round turkey corn occurs as entire, separated tubers, and rarely 
as united tubers. These tubers measure up to 16 mm. in diame- 
ter and to 8 mm. in height. The tubers are vertical and about 
twice as wide as they are high. The upper surface is marked 
with a triangular, depressed scar or scale. The texture is gummy, 
horny, and starchy. The color varies from yellowish to reddish 
and brownish black. The surface of the tubers is smooth, but 
granular in appearance, because it has small depressions. The 
upper surface is concave and has a triangular scar. The under 
surface is concave and with portions of the slender, branched 
rhizome with stem bases. The fracture cannot be made. The 
broken surface is even. The surface frequently is whitish yellow 
and has yellow resin cavities with resin. The outline of the sec- 
tion is circular or oval. The cortex and stele are not distinct. 
The odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (corydaline, bulbocarpnine, 
etc.), fumaric acid, bitter extractive, resin, starch, 
etc. 

Dose: 0.65 Gm. (10 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Corydalis Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Fluidextractum Corydalis; Dose, 0.65 mil (10 min.). 



181 




CORYDALIS-DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES 

1, Numerous scaly bulbs of variable size and form. 2, 
Rhizome bearing bulbs. 3, Outer thick concave scale. 4, 
Surface view of bulb. 



182 



CORYDALIS (Coryd.) N. F. 
(2) Dutchman's Breeches 

English name : Corydalis. 

Synonyms: Dutchman's Breeches, Soldier's Cap. 

Botanical origin: Bicuculla Cucullaria (Linne) Mills- 
paugh. (Fam. Fumariaeece.) 

Part used : Scaly bulbs. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of other parts 
of the plant or other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent, 

Habitat: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia, 
and west to Nebraska. 

Description : 

Dutchmans breeches occurs as the entire and as separated parts 
of the scaly bulb. The whole bulbs measure up to 2 cm. in width 
and to 17 mm. in height. The bulbs are usually scaly, having 
two large outer scales and one small central scale. No stem scars 
or stems occur on the fleshy scales, because the stems originate 
from the slender, branched rhizome, which has a number of stem 
bases. The texture is gummy, or horny and starchy. The color 
varies from light yellow to dark grayish or reddish brown. The 
upper surface terminates in a pointed, triangular, scale-like scar 
and tapers downward ; the inner surface is concave. The under 
surface is tapering and is attached to a slender, branched rhizome 
with numerous stem bases. The fracture cannot be made. The 
broken surface is even. The outline of sections is irregular; the 
outer surface of the scales is convex; the inner surface is con- 
cave. The cortex and stele of the scales are not distinguishable. 
The surface resembles a mass of gum, or is granular and starchy 
with small, resin cavities. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is bitter. • 

Constituents: Alkaloids (corydaline, bulbocarpnine, 
etc.), fumaric acid, bitter extractive, resin, starch, 
etc. 

Dose: 0.65 Gm. (10 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Corydalis Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Fluidextractum Corydalis; Dose, 0.65 mil (10 min.). 



183 




ALLIUM 



1, A large bulb. 2, A 
to show smaller bulbs, 
of the compound bulb, 
bulb. 5, Single bulb. 



ing the scattered conducting strands. 



bulb with the outer scale removed 
3, Stem growing from the center 
4, Disk-like base of the compound 
6. Cross-section of the bulb show- 



184 



ALLIUM (Alii.) N. F. 



English name: Garlic. 

Synonyms: Allium. 

Botanical origin: Allium sativum Linne. (Fam. Lili- 
acece.) 

Part used : Fresh bulb. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Central Asia ; cultivated extensively ; Italy is 
a large producer. 

Description : 

Allium occurs as long-braided strands of entire bulbs. The bulbs 
measure 5 cm. or less in length and 5.7 cm. or less in diameter. 
The bulbs are vertical and compound, and they are outgrowths of 
the branched, flattened rhizome. The smooth, white stems measure 
6 cm. or less in length. The texture is moist and non-fibrous. 
The color varies from white to pink. The surface of the scales 
covering the compound and individual bulbs has many elevated, 
vascular strands. The bulbs are brittle and the fracture is even. 
The outline of the entire bulb is cylindrical, of the smaller bulbs 
irregular. There is no distinction into cortex and central cylin- 
der, but the vascular strands show distinctly. The odor is very 
strongly and persistently aromatic. The taste is very strongly 
pungent. 



pungent. 

Constituents: Mucilage, albumin 
tile oil, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Allii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) 



sugar, starch, vola- 



185 




COLCHICI CORMUS 

1, Reniform section of the corm. 2, Groove formed by the 
growing stem. 3, Longitudinal section showing the groove 
formed by the growing stem. 4, Longitudinal section show- 
ing parallel lines of resin tissue. 5, Round resin masses. 



186 






COLCHICI CORMUS (Colch. Conn.) U. S. P. 

English name: Colchicum Corm. 

Synonyms : Colchicum Root. 

Botanical origin: Colchicum autumnale Linne. (Fam. 
Liliacece.) • 

Part used: Corm. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: Not less than 0.35 per cent, of colchicine. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. ' 

Habitat : Germany, Austria and England. 

Description : 

Colchicum corm occurs as a mixture of transverse and longi- 
tudinal slices of the cormus. These slices measure up to 3.5 cm. 
in width or length and to 1 cm. in thickness, but usually less than 
5 mm. in thickness. The rhizome is vertical and deeply grooved 
on one side. Stem bases are never present, but the groove is 
caused by the stem, which originates underneath and then grows 
along the side of the corm. The texture is resinous and starchy. 
The color of the uncut surface is yellowish or brownish black. The 
uncut surface is smooth and indistinctly striated. The fracture 
is weak, brittle and even. The outline of the transverse slices is 
reniform, of the longitudinal slices broadly ovate and truncate. 
The cortex and stele are not distinguishable. The transverse sec- 
tions have numerous round resin masses, while longitudinal sec- 
tions have parallel resin masses. The color of the cut surfaces 
varies from grayish white to brown. The odor is not character- 
istic. The taste is starchy, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Colchicine (alkaloid), resin, fat, starch, 
etc. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Colchici Cormi ; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Fluidextractum Colchici Cormi N. F. ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 
Vinum Colchici Cormi N. F. ; Dose, 0.65 mil (10 min.). 



187 



, 



CHAPTER V 

BARKS 

IN the study of barks the following must be consid- 
ered : Occurrence, size, nature, outer surface, inner 
surface, fracture and tenacity, fractured surface, 
odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. This refers to the condition of the 
bark, whether broken pieces, as sassafras and most 
barks, or cut, as cinchona. 

2. Size. The length of pieces of bark varies from a 
few millimeters up to 3 dm., as in mezereum. The 
width varies from a few millimeters up to 5 dm., as 
in white pine bark. The thickness varies from less 
than a millimeter up to 10 mm., as in canella. 

3. Nature. This refers to the form of the bark, 
whether flat or chip-like, as in cornus ; or flat or slab- 
like, as in elm bark and soap bark; or partially 
quilled — i.e., the outer edges curved upward, as in 
chionanthus ; or quilled— i.e., the outer bark edges just 
coming together and touching, as in condurango; or 
overlapping quilled— i.e., one edge of the bark curved 
or rolled inside of the other edge, as in cascara sa- 
grada; or double quilled— i.e., two quills formed by 
the rolling inward of the two longitudinal edges of the 
bark, as in cascara sagrada; or multiple quilled— i.e., 
a quill composed of several quills or overlapping quills, 
one within the other, as in Ceylon cinnamon. 

4. Outer Surface. The study of the outer surface 
embraces the color as well as the markings. The color 
of the outer surface of the different barks varies 
greatly, but each bark has a characteristic color. 

The Markings of the Outer Surface. The surface is 
striated when it has parallel markings caused by vari- 
able coloration, as in Ceylon cinnamon, or by very 

188 



shallow parallel elevations and depressions, as in 
paracoto ; furrowed when it has sharply denned paral- 
lel elevations and depressions, as in red cinchona; 
wrinkled when it is irregularly contracted into fur- 
rows, as in cinchona; fissured when it has narrow 
openings caused by a separation of the tissues during 
drying. The surface is fissured longitudinally when 
the fissures occur parallel to the length of the bark, as 
in cocillana bark; or transversely fissured when they 
occur crosswise or at right angles to the length of 
the bark, as in cascarilla bark; or irregularly fissured 
when they occur irregularly, as in quebracho. 

Elevations of the surface include lenticels, corky 
elevations, and thorns, or a combination of cork and 
thorns. Lenticels vary in form, size, color and ar- 
rangement. The mqst common forms are the circu- 
lar lenticels, as in juglans ; and the lens-shaped lenti- 
cels, as in wild cherry bark. The size of lenticels 
varies greatly in the different barks. The color of 
lenticels varies greatly. In cramp bark they are 
brown ; in southern prickly ash bark they are yellow- 
ish; in canella and in peeled wild cherry bark they 
are nearly white. 

The arrangement of lenticels is variable. In fran- 
gula, as in most barks, they are scattered or irregu- 
larly arranged; in wild cherry they occur in parallel 
transverse lines. Corky elevations with or without 
thorns occur on the surface of southern prickly ash 
bark. 

The outer surface of wahoo bark shows numerous 
V-shaped yellowish masses of tissue. The surface of 
butternut is layered. Quebracho has a reddish brown 
outer layer and an inner yellowish layer ; in cinchona 
and red cinchona and cocillana the outer layer is 
granular, the inner, fibrous; condurango has long pro- 
jecting bast fibers; in southern prickly ash bark the 
surface is radiate. 

5. Inner Surface. The study of the inner surface 
embraces the color and the markings. The color of the 
inner surface of barks is variable. The most common 
shades are grays, yellows, reds and browns. In 

189 



most cases the color is a mixture. The most common 
of all is yellowish brown, which varies in intensity in 
the different barks. Quebracho, frangula, black haw, 
ulmus, white pine, and Ceylon cinnamon have a yel- 
lowish brown inner surface, yet in each the shade is 
sufficiently variable to be recognizable. Reddish brown 
is the color of the inner surface of cinchona, red 
cinchona, paracoto, wild cherry and Saigon cinnamon. 
Cascara and frangula are frequently purplish brown. 
The color of granatum, cramp bark, and xanthoxylum 
is greenish yellow. Canella and quillaja are yellowish 
white. Mezereum is greenish gray, etc. 

The Markings of the Inner Surface. In cascara the 
surface is smooth, or free of markings. In soap bark 
and canella the surface is granular. 

In most barks the surface is dull and striated. The 
striations may be fine and short striated, as in cornus ; 
or coarse and short, as in quercus; or fine and long 
striated, as in mezereum ; or coarse and long striated, 
as in ulmus; or irregularly striated, as in quebracho. 

The surface is fissured, as in wild cherry bark and 
in red cinchona. 

The surface is corrugated, as in white pine bark. 

The surface is scaly, as in northern prickly ash 
and in cramp bark. 

In cocillana the tissue of the inner bark separates 
into layers. In cotton root bark, ulmus, condurango, 
quercus and in mezereum the fibers become detached 
and project from the surface. 

The inner surface of cotton root bark has numerous 
black oleoresin cavities. 



FRACTURE AND TENACITY 

Fracture Tenacity. The fracture may be even, as 
in granatum ; uneven, as in cascara ; conchoidal, as 
in granatum; or hackly, as in cinchona. 

6. Tenacity. By tenacity is meant the resistance 
which a bark offers to tearing stresses. 

For the purpose of stud^y the barks are divided into 
190 






three classes according to their tenacity. 1. Barks too 
tough to be fractured— i.e., barks that have no frac- 
ture, as in mezereum and cotton root. 2. Barks that 
have an incomplete fracture — i.e., that break part 
way, as in elm bark, white pine, white oak, blackberry 
bark, cocillana, butternut, soap bark, and white ash. 
3. Barks that can be fractured. These barks are 
divided into six classes: (1) Very weak brittle barks; 
(2) weak brittle barks; (3) brittle barks; (4) tough 
barks; (5) very tough barks; (6) strong tough barks. 

The very weak brittle barks include cramp bark, 
black haw stem bark, Ceylon cinnamon, and cascarilla. 

The weak brittle barks include euonymus, northern 
prickly ash, wild cherry, cornus, and sassafras. 

The brittle barks include black haw root bark, cas- 
cara, pomegranate, southern prickly ash, and fran- 
gula. 

The tough barks include red cinchona, cinchona, 
canella, condurango, fringe-tree bark, and bayberry 
bark. 

The strong tough barks include quebracho and 
paracoto. 

The very strong tough barks are those cited above 
as having an incomplete, or as having no fracture. 

7. Fractured surfaces show projecting fibers, as in 
cocillana; projecting stone cells in groups, as in 
fringe-tree bark ; or pits, as in fringe-tree bark. 

8. Odor. Most barks, have no characteristic odor. 
Exceptions are paracoto, canella, black haw (slight), 
cascarilla, ulmus, Saigon cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon, 
fringe-tree, and sassafras, which have aromatic odors 
that are diagnostic for each drug. 

9. Taste. Most barks have a succession of tastes— 
i.e., bitter and astringent, as in quebracho, cinchona, 
red cinchona, cornus, and euonymus; sweet and pun- 
gent, as in Ceylon cinnamon and Saigon cinnamon, etc. 

Those barks having simple tastes (one taste) in- 
clude quercus and granatum, which are astringent: 
soap bark, which is acrid; and paracoto, which is 
pungent. 

191 







CORNUS 



1, Scaly outer surface of the bark. 2, Flat, finely striated 
inner surface. 3, Small chip-like piece. 4, Irregular frag- 
ment of the bark. 



192 



CORNUS (Corn.) N. F. 

English name : Cornus. 

Synonyms: Flowering Dogwood, Dogwood Bark. 

Botanical origin: Cornus florida Linne. (Fam. Cor- 
nacea.) 

Part used: Bark of the root. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Maine to Ontario, south to Florida and 
Mexico. 

Description : 

Cornus occurs as a mixture of the broken longitudinal pieces of 
the bark. These pieces vary in size up to 8 cm. in length, and to 
2.6 cm. in width. The pieces are mostly flat or curved outward. 
The outer surface is gray or reddish brown where the cork has 
been removed, and is rough, scaly and frequently abraded. The 
inner surface is striated because of slightly projecting groups of 
fibrous tissue. The color is deep purplish brown. The fracture is 
weak, brittle and uneven. The fractured surface has projecting 
fibers and is bright purplish brown. The odor is not character- 
istic. The taste is bitter and astringent. 

Constituents: Bitter principle (cornin), resin, fixed 
oil, gallic acid, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Corni; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



193 







CHIONANTHUS 



1, Outer surface of the bark, slightly annulate above. 2, 
Longitudinally striated inner surface. 3, Circular lenticel. 
4, Cross-section showing small pits and groups of stone 
cells. 



194 



CHIONANTHUS (Chionant.) N. F. 

English name : Chionanthus. 

Synonyms: Flowering Ash. Fringe Tree Bark. 

Botanical origin : Chionanthus virginicalAnne. (Fam. 
OJeacece.) 

Part used: Bark of the root. 

Impurities : Not more than 8 per cent, of other parts 
of the plant or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Texas. 

Description : 

Fringe Tree Bark occurs as irregular broken pieces. These pieces 
measure up to 13 cm. in length, to 5.5 cm. in width, and to 8 mm. 
in thickness. The pieces of bark may be nearly flat and partially 
quilled, and quilled. The outer surface varies in color from 
grayish yellow to grayish brown. It is rough, annulate, and fre- 
quently pitted, or it has circular lenticels. The inner surface 
varies in color from grayish to yellowish to reddish brown. It is 
longitudinally striated. The fracture of the bark is tough and 
uneven. The fractured surface is yellowish white. It has nu- 
merous pits and projecting masses of stone cells. The odor is 
aromatic. The taste is very bitter. 

Constituents: Glucoside, bitter principle, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Chionanthi ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



195 




EUONYMUS 



1, Deeply furrowed outer .surface. 2, Bark from a smaller 
root. 3. Smooth, finely striated inner surface. 4, Cut edge 
of the bark. 



196 



EUONYMUS (Euonym.) N. F. 

English name : Euonymus. 

Synonyms : Burning Bush, Wahoo Bark. 

Botanical origin: Euonymus atropurpureus Jacquin. 
(Fam. Celastracece.) 

Part used: Dried bark of the root. 

Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of wood or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat: Southeastern United States, west to Arkan- 
sas and Indian Territory. 

Description : 

Euonymus occurs as irregular broken pieces. These pieces 
measure up to 11 cm. in length, to 5 cm. in width, and to 6 mm. 
in thickness. The pieces of bark may be partially quilled, or 
quilled. The outer surface varies in color from a yellowish gray 
to grayish brown, and it is nearly smooth, or deeply furrowed 
longitudinally. The inner surface is yellowish brown and smooth 
to the touch, but is finely striated. The fracture is weak and 
brittle. The fractured surface shows numerous interrupted V- 
shaped masses of nearly white tissue alternating with the yellow- 
ish brown tissue which makes up the remaining part of the bark. 
The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet, bitter 
and acrid. 

Constituents: Bitter principle (euonymin), acids, fixed 
and volatile oils, resins, wax, pectin, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Euonymi; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 
Fluidextractum Euonymi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



197 







MYRICA 

1, Portion of the bark without the corky layer. 2, Piece 
of the corky layer. 3, Cross-section of the bark. 4, A thick 
piece of the bark. 



198 



MYRICA N. F. 

English name: Bayberry Bark. 

Synonyms : Wax Myrtle, Candleberry. 

Botanical origin: Myrica cerifera Linne. (Fam. Myri- 
cacece.) 

Part used : Dried bark of root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of adhering 
wood. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Maryland to Arkansas, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Bayberry occurs as irregular broken pieces. These pieces measure 
up to 15 cm. in length, to 2 cm. in width and to 4 mm. in thick- 
ness. The pieces are partially quilled, or quilled. The outer sur- 
face is grayish yellow and smooth, and has cylindrical elevated 
lentiqels. The bark without the corky layer is smooth or finely 
striated and reddish brown. The fracture is tough and uneven. 
The fractured surface is yellowish brown and has numerous pro- 
jecting bast fibers. The odor is not. characteristic. The taste is 
astringent, pungent and pepper-like. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, coloring matter, tannin, 
resins, gum, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Ptilvis Myricae Compositus ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 



199 




GOSSYPII CORTEX 

1, Scaly outer surface of the bark. 2, Tangled mass of the 
tough bark. 



200 






GOSSYPII CORTEX (Gossyp. Cort.) N. F. 

English name: Cotton Root Bark. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Gossypium herbaceum Linne, Gos- 
sypium Barbadense Linne, or Gossypium arbo- 
reum Linne. (Fam. Malvaceae.) 

Part used: Air-dried bark of the root. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of wood or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Virginia to Arkansas, south to Florida and 
Texas; also cultivated. 

Description : 

Cotton root bark occurs as a mixture of the tangled masses of 
bent and twisted pieces of bark. These pieces measure up to 6 
cm. in length, to 1 cm. in width and to 1.5 mm. in thickness. The 
bark may be flat or partially quilled, and quilled. The outer sur- 
face is orange or reddish brown. This surface is rough, scaly and 
transversely fissured. The inner surface is yellowish brown, and 
it has many small black cylindrical oleoresin cavities and many 
detached masses of fibers. The bark is so very strong, tough and 
fibrous that it bends when pressure is applied. It, therefore, has 
no fracture. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is astrin- 
gent and acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, glucose, gum, fixed oil, tannin, 
acid, resin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Gossypii Corticis ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



201 







JUGLANS 

1, Bark from a small root. 2, Lenticels on bark from an old 
root. 3, Cross-section of thin bark. 4, Dark outer part of 
the thick bark. 5, Light inner part of the thick bark. 6, 
Cut surface of bark. 



JUGLANS (Juglan.) N. F. 

English name: Juglans. 

Synonyms : Butternut Bark, White Walnut Bark. 

Botanical origin: Juglans cinerea Linne. (Fam. Jug- 
landacece.) 

Part used: Dried inner bark of roots. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Eastern United States and Canada, south to 
Georgia and Arkansas. 

Description : 

Juglans occurs as a mixture of the elongated cut and broken 
pieces. These pieces measure up to 40 cm. in width and to 10 
mm. in thickness. The bark may be flat or partially quilled, and 

?uilled. The outer surface varies from gray to brownish black, 
t is smooth in the thinner bark, rough in the thicker bark with 
detached pieces of cork, and has many rounded, elevated lenticels 
or transversely elongated depressed scars of lenticels. The inner 
surface is smooth and finely striated. The fracture is very strong, 
tough and incomplete. The fractured or cut surface is frequently 
layered. The outer layers are darker than the inner layer. The 
surface of the thinner barks is uniformly colored brownish black. 
The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is slightly sweet, astrin- 
gent and acrid. 

Constituents: Fixed and volatile oils, resin, mucin, 
gum, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Juglandis; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



203 




SASSAFRAS 



Large piece of bark showing corky layer. 2, Root scar. 
Large root scar. 4, Irregular pieces of the bark. 



204 



SASSAFRAS (Sassaf.) U. S. P. 

English name: Sassafras. 

Synonyms: Sassafras Bark, Ague Tree Bark. 

Botanical origin: Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury) 
0. Kuntze. (Fam. Lauracece.) 

Part used : Peeled bark of the root. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of adhering 
wood. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 30 per cent. 

Habitat: Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Sassafras occurs as a mixture of the cut or broken pieces of the 
peeled root bark. These pieces or quills measure up to 14 cm. in 
length, to 3 cm. in width and to 5 mm. in thickness. The bark may 
be flat or partially quilled, and quilled. The outer surface of the 
peeled bark varies in color from orange to reddish brown. The 
unpeeled portions are light gray. It is rough, slightly scaly, and 
has one or more prominent root scars and remains of roots. The 
inner surface is, if uncut, finely striated; if cut, it is rough. The 
fracture is weak, brittle and even. The fractured or cut surface 
varies in color from light-yellow to reddish-brown, and it frequently 
has prominent groups of bast fibers. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is astringent, pungent and mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, starch, resin and 
sassafrid, etc. 

Dose: 10 Gm. (2y 2 drachms). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Oleum Sassafras; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



205 




RUBUS 

1, A long, bent and twisted piece of bark. 2, Wood which 
is usually present. 3, Dark outer surface of the bark. 



206 



RUBUS N. F. 

English name: Rubus. 

Synonyms : Blackberry Bark. 

Botanical origin: Rubus villosus Aiton, Rubus nigro- 
baccus Bailey or Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. (Fam. 

Rosacea 1 ..) 

Part used : Dried bark of the rhizome. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, New England to Florida, west to 
Arkansas. 

Description : 

Rubus occur 8 as a mixture of the broken pieces. These pieces 
measure up to 4 dm. in length, to 10 mm. in width and to 2 mm. 
in thickness. The bark is usually partially quilled, and quilled. 
The outer surface varies in color from gray to reddish brown. The 
surface without cork is light yellowish gray. It is longitudinally 
striated. The inner surface is long, finely striated and fissured. 
The color is light grayish yellow. The bark is so very strong, tough 
and fibrous that it bends instead of breaking when pressure is 
applied. Therefore it has no fracture. The odor is indistinct. 
The taste is slightly sweet and strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Tannic acid, gallic acid, villosin (sapo- 
nin), resin, volatile and fixed oils, wax, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). - 

Preparations : 

Elixir Rubi Compositum; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Fluidextractum Rubi; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Syrupus Rubi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



207 




ASPIDOSPERMA 

1, Deeply fissured outer surface. 2, Irregularly and 
coarsely striated inner surface. 3," Dark reddish-brown 
layer of the bark. 4, Light yellowish layer of the bark. 



208 



ASPIDOSPERMA (Aspidosp.) U. S. P. 

English name : Aspidosperma. 

Synonyms: Quebracho Bark. 

Botanical origin: Aspidosperma Quebracho bianco 
Schlechtendal. (Fam. Apocynacece.) 

Part used: Bark. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, wood or other 
foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Argentina, South America. 

Description : 

Quebracho Bark occurs as broken pieces. These pieces measure 
up to 16 cm. in length, to 7 cm. in diameter, and to 37 mm. in 
thickness. The bark is flat or chip-like and partially quilled. 
The outer surface is rough, irregularly and deeply fissured and it 
varies in color from light gray to reddish brown. The inner sur- 
face is irregularly and coarsely striated, and its color varies from 
light yellow to yellowish brown. The bark is tough, fibrous and 
too tenacious to be fractured. The broken surface has an outer 
reddish brown corky layer and an inner light yellowish or reddish 
brown layer. Both the outer and inner layers are pitted. The 
odor is not distinct. The taste is strongly bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: Tannin, sugars (quebrachit, inosit), 
alkaloids (aspidospermine, quebrachine, etc.), etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



209 







CINCHONA 



1, Outer surface showing furrows, lichens and transverse 
fissures. 2, Striated inner surface of the bark. 3, Cross- 
section of quilled bark. 4, Fragment of old root bark. 5. 
Outer surface of the root bark. 



210 



CINCHONA (Cinch.) U. S. P. 

English name: Cinchona. 

Synonyms: Yellow Cinchona, Calisaya Bark, Yellow 
Peruvian Bark. 

Botanical origin: Cinchona Ledgeriana Moens, Cin- 
chona Calisaya Weddell, and hybrids of these 
with other species of Cinchona. (Fam. Rubiacece.) 

Part used : Dried bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Not less than 5 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: South America; cultivated extensively in 
Jamaica, Java and India. 

Description : 

Cinchona occurs as a mixture of the long-cut pieces or broken 
fragments. These pieces measure up to 10.8 dm. in length and to 
11 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like, partially quilled, 
quilled, overlapping quilled or compound quilled. The outer sur- 
face of the stem bark is. rough, longitudinally furrowed and fis- 
sured, and transversely fissured, and the color varies from light 
gray to dark gray, with brownish black spots caused by lichens 
with apothecia or fruiting bodies. The root bark is rough, scaly. 
wrinkled and fissured, and the color is reddish brown. The inner 
surface is shortly and finely striated, and the color varies from a 
yellowish to a reddish brown. The fracture is tough and uneven. 
The fractured surface is granular in the outer portion, fibrous in 
the inner portion, and the color is brownish yellow. The odor is 
not characteristic. The taste is very bitter and astringent. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cincho- 
nine, cinchonidine, quinamine, etc.), acids, color- 
ing matter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum X. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum et Ferri X. P.; Dose, 8 mils (2 

fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchonas Alkaloidorum et Hypophosphitum X. F. ; Dose, 

8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri, Bismuthi et Strychnin* 

X. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Bismuthi X. F. ; Dose, 8 

mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Calcii Lactophosphatis 

X. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Pepsini X. F. ; Dose, 8 

mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, Ferri et Strychnin* X. F. ; Dose, 

4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Extractum Cinchonae X. F. ; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Fluidextractum Cinchona?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Infusum Cinchonas X. F. ; Dose, 50 mils (l a /£ fl. ozs.). 
Tinctura Cinchona?; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

211 




CINCHONA RUBRA 

1, Outer surface of stem bark showing deep longitudinal 
furrows and numerous lichens. 2, Fissured and finely 
striated inner surface. 3, Cross-section of stem bark. 4, 
Outer surface of root bark. 5, Inner surface of root bark. 



212 






CINCHONA RUBRA (Cinch. Rub.) U. S. P. 

English name: Red Cinchona. 

Synonyms: Red Peruvian Bark. 

Botanical origin: Cinchona succirubra Pavon, or its 
hybrids. (Fam. Rubiacece.) 

Part used : Dried bark. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 5 per cent, of alkaloids of red 
cinchona. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: South America, Ecuador. 

Description : 

Red cinchona occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces. The 
pieces of stem bark measure up to 10.8 dm. in length, to 7 cm. 
in width and to 6 mm. in diameter. The root, which is nearly 
always chip-like, frequently measures up to 8 mm. in thickness. 
The bark is flat or chip-like, partially quilled, quilled, overlap- 
ping quilled or compound quilled. The outer surface of the 
stem bark is longitudinally furrowed, shallowly fissured trans- 
versely, or in the older barks deeply fissured transversely; and the 
color varies from light gray, when lichens are present, to grayish 
brown. The outer surface of the root bark is rough, wrinkled, 
and varies in color from a yellowish brown to brownish black. 
The inner surface of both the stem and root bark is finely striated 
and frequently fissured. The fracture is tough and uneven. The 
fractured surface is granular in the outer portion and fibrous in 
the inner portion. The color varies from yellowish to reddish 
brown. The odor is not distinct. The taste is strongly bitter and 
astringent. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cincho- 
nine, cinchonidine, quinamine, etc.), acids, color- 
ing matter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Cinchonae Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Tinctura Cinchonae Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



213 




COCILLANA 

1, Longitudinal fissures and lichens on the outer surface. 

2, Fibrous inner layer of the bark. 3, Fissured inner layer. 
4, Cross-section* of the bark. 



214 



COCILLANA (Cocillan.) N. F. 



English name : Cocillana. 

Synonyms : Guapi Bark. 

Botanical origin: Guarea Rusbyi (Britton) Rusby. 
(Fam. Meliacece.) 

Part used : Dried bark. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not less than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Bolivia, South America. 

Description : 

Cocillana Bark occurs as broken and cut pieces. These pieces 
measure up to 6.5 dm. in length, to 10 cm. in width and to 2 cm. 
in thickness. The bark is partially quilled ot quilled. The outer 
surface is deeply fissured longitudinally and shallowly fissured 
transversely, and is usually covered with gray lichens. The color 
varies from light yellowish gray to grayish brown. The inner 
surface is finely striated longitudinally and is easily separable into 
fibrous layers. The color is brownish yellow. The fracture is 
strong, tough and incomplete if pressure is applied to the inner 
surface, but complete if pressure is applied to the outer surface. 
The fractured outer surface is granular, the inner is fibrous and 
the color is light yellow. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
slightly sweet, astringent and pungent. 

Constituents: Resins, fat, tannin, alkaloids (rus- 
byine), etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Cocillanae ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



215 




PARACOTO 

1, Outer surface of the bark. 2, Striated inner surface. • 



216 



PARACOTO (Paracot.) N. F. 

English name: Paracoto. 

Synonyms: None in common use. 

Botanical origin: Unidentified tree indigenous to 
Northern Bolivia. 

Part used : Dried bark. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern Bolivia and other parts of South 
America. 

Description : 

Paracoto occurs as a mixture of the broken pieces of the bark. 
These pieces measure up to 7 cm. in width and to 15 mm. in 
thickness, and are of variable length. The bark is usually par- 
tially quilled. The outer surface is fissured and furrowed trans- 
versely, occasionally longitudinally, and the color is reddish brown. 
The inner surface is coarsely striated and reddish brown. The 
fracture is strong, tough and uneven. The fractured surface is 
granular in the outer portion and fibrous and porous in the inner 
portion. Both portions have numerous glistening resin cavities. 
The color is reddish brown. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
pungent and pepper-like. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, glucosides, resin, 
starch, etc. 

Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Paracoto; Dose, 0.3 mil (5 min.). 
Tinctura Paracoto; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



217 







CONDURANGO 

1, A quill of thick root bark. 2, Lenticel of the root bark. 
3, Stem bark with lichens. 4, Granular and porous cross- 
section. 



218 



CONDURANGO (Conduran.) N. F. 

English name : Condurango. 

Synonyms : Condurango Bark. 

Botanical origin: Marsdenia Condurango (Triana) 
Keichenbach Alius. (Fam. Asclepiadacece.) 

Part used: Bark. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Ecuador and other parts of South America. 

Description : 

Condurango occurs as broken pieces of the bark. Thin stem bark 
measures up to a meter in length. The thicker stem and root bark 
measure up to 16 cm. in length, to 3 cm. in width, and to 7 mm. 
in thickness. The bark is quilled and partially quilled. The outer 
surface of the stem bark is rough and has numerous lenticels, a 
few longitudinal fissures, and gray lichens. The color is greenish 
gray or grayish brown. The root bark is rough, with numerous 
rounded lenticels, and the color is yellowish or reddish brown. 
The inner surface of both the stem and root bark is finely striated 
longitudinally, and in color is light grayish or pinkish yellow. 
The fracture is tough and uneven. The fractured surface is 
granular and porous and has numerous long, tough, projecting, 
bast fibers. The color is yellowish. The odor is # slightly aromatic. 
The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: Starch, sugar, wax, resin, tannin, gluco- 
side (condurangin), etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Condurango; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



219 



A 




GRANATUM 

1, Stem bark showing fissures, lenticels and numerous small 
black apothecia. 2, Inner surface of the stem bark. 3, Koot 
bark showing scars caused by detached cork. 4, Inner sur- 
face of the root bark. 



220 



GRANATUM (Granat.) U. S. P. 

English name : Pomegranate. 

Synonyms : Pomegranate Bark, Granatum Bark. 

Botanical origin: Punica Granatum Linne. (Fam. 

Punicacece. ) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of wood or for- 
eign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. • 

Habitat: Southwestern Asia and Southern Europe, 
Japan, China; cultivated in subtropics, also in 
Florida. 

Description : 

Granatum occurs as broken pieces. These pieces measure up to 
14 cm. in length, to 4.5 cm. in width, and to 5 mm. in thickness. 
The bark is flat, and is quilled and partially quilled. The outer 
surface of the stem bark has shallow fissures, which are narrow 
in the thin pieces of bark, but broad in the thicker pieces. The 
fissured surface is yellowish and the unfissured surface is gray. 
This gray portion has numerous purplish apothecia. The root 
bark is rough and often has large scars where a portion of the 
cork has become detached. The color is yellow or greenish yellow. 
The inner surface of both the stem and root bark is. smooth and 
finely striated, and it varies in color from yellow to greenish yellow. 
The fracture is brittle and even. The fractured surface is finely 
granular and grayish yellow. The odor is not distinct. The taste 
is astringent. 

Constituents : Tannin, gallic acid, mannit, yellow col- 
oring matter, alkaloids (pelletierine, isopellet- 
ierine, etc.), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Granati; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



221 




FRANGULA 

1, Outer surface showing indistinct lenticels and lichens. 

2, Piece of bark with prominent lenticels. 3, Shiny, finely 
striated and split inner surface. 4, Cross-section of an 
overlapping quilled bark. 



222 



FRANGULA (Frang.) U. S. P. 

English name: Frangula. 

Synonyms: Buckthorn Bark. 

Botanical origin: Rhamnus Frangula Linne. (Fani. 
RhamnacecB.) 

Part used: Bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia and Northern Africa. 

Description : 

Frangula occurs as a mixture of the cut and broken pieces. These 
pieces measure up to 5.5 dm. in length, but are usually shorter. 
to 4.7 cm. in width, and to 2 mm. in diameter, or rarely up to 
3 mm. The bark is quilled and overlapping quilled, rarely mul- 
tiple quilled. In each case the quills may be flattened. The 
outer surface has numerous rounded or transversely elongated 
gray lenticels and irregular patches of gray lichens. The color 
varies from light gray to purplish brown. The inner surface is 
smooth, finely striated and frequently split. The color varies from 
yellowish to purplish to reddish brown. The fracture is brittle. 
The fractured surface has many long, white, projecting groups of 
bast fibers in the outer portion. The inner portion is nearly 
smooth and has a few short projecting groups of bast fibers. The 
color varies from purple in the outer layer to yellow in the middle 
layer and yellowish brown in the inner layer. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is slightly sweet and bitter. 

Constituents: Frangulin (glucoside), resin, tannin, 
emodin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Catharticum Compositum N. P.; Dose. Aperient. 4 mils (1 

fl. dr.); Cathartic. 12 mils (3 fl. drs.). 
Flu idextr actum Frangula?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



223 




GANELLA 

1, Outer surface of the transversely wrinkled bark with 
large lenticels. 2, Inner surface of the stem bark. 3, Over- 
lapping quilled bark. 4, Cross-sections of an overlapping, 
partially quilled and flat piece of bark; the latter is dis- 
tinctly layered. 



224 



CANELLA (Canell.) N. F. 

English name : Canella. 

Synonyms: White Cinnamon, Wild Cinnamon. 

Botanical origin: Canella Winterana (Linne) Gaert- 
ner. (Fam. Canellacece.) 

Part used : Peeled bark. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: West Indies and Florida Keys. 

Description : 

Canella occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the peeled 
bark. These pieces measure up to 1 m. in length, to 8.5 cm. in 
width, and to 1 cm. in thickness. The bark is partially quilled, 
quilled, and overlapping quilled. The outer surface varies in color 
from pinkish yellow to brownish orange ; it is transversely wrin- 
kled and occasionally cleft; it has numerous large lenticels with a 
light outer ring and a darker central portion. The inner surface 
is whitish yellow, non-striated and granular. The fracture is 
tough and uneven. The fractured surface is granular, yellowish 
white on the outer and inner surface, brownish between. The 
thicker bark is distinctly layered. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is sweet,- pungent and aromatic. 

Constituents: Mannit, mucilage, resin, bitter extrac- 
tive, starch, volatile oil, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Pulvis Aloes et Canella?; Dose, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 




225 




VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM 

1, Outer surface of the root bark. 2, Inner surface of the 
root bark. 3, Outer surface of thin stem bark showing 
prominent lenticels. 4, Fissured thick stem bark. 



226 



VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM (Viburn. Prun.) 
U. S. P. 

English name: Viburnum Prunifolium. 

Synonyms : Black Haw. 

Botanical origin: Viburnum prunifolium Linne and 
Viburnum Lentago Linne. (Fam. Caprifoliacece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of wood or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Connecticut to Michigan, south to Georgia 
and Arkansas. 

Description : 

Viburnum prunifolium occurs as a mixture of broken and cut 
pieces. These pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length, to 2 cm. in 
width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark may be chip-like, 
partially quilled, and quilled. The outer surface of the stem bark 
varies in color from light gray to nearly black; the thin pieces are 
smooth and have brown lenticels ; the thicker pieces are rough and 
fissured, and are without lenticels; the inner surface is yellowish 
brown and striated. The root bark varies in color from yellowish 
brown to black; it is smooth with elevated lenticels, or rough with 
projecting groups of bast fibers. The inner surface is yellowish 
brown and striated. The fracture of both barks is very weak, 
brittle and uneven. The fractured surface is grayish white and 
fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter, slightly pun- 
gent, and astringent. 

Constituents: Starch, tannin, resin, glucoside (vibur- 
nin), valeric acid, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Viburni Prunifolii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Extractum Viburni Prunifolii; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



227 




VIBURNUM OPULUS 



1, Outer surface of thick stem bark. 2, Inner surface of 
stem bark showing adhering wood. 3, Medium thick bark. 
4, Thin bark. 



228 



TW>p\ 



VIBURNUM OPULUS (Viburn. Opul.) N. F. 

English name : Viburnum Opulus. 

Synonyms : Cramp Bark, High Bush Cranberry Bark. 

Botanical, origin: Viburnum Opulus Linne var. 
Americanum (Miller) Aiton. (Fam. Caprifoli- 
acece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of wood and 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Northern North America, south to New Jer- 
sey, west to Oregon. 

Description : 

Viburnum opulus occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. 
These pieces measure up to 30 cm. in length, to 3 cm. in width 
and to 3 mm. in diameter. The bark may be chip-like, partially 
quilled, and quilled. The outer surface of the thin pieces is yel- 
lowish gray ; it frequently has short, shallow, longitudinal purple 
fissures and small brown lenticels. The thicker bark varies in 
color from grayish brown to purplish brown to brownish black; 
it has numerous shallow, longitudinal fissures and numerous 
brown lenticels. The inner surface varies from light greenish 
yellow to dark brown ; it is finely striated longitudinally and frag- 
ments of wood are sometimes present. The fracture is very weak 
and brittle. The fractured surface is brown in the outer layer, 
yellow in the middle layer, and yellowish brown in the inner layer. 
The odor is aromatic, resembling valerianic acid. The taste is 
slightly astringent and bitter. 

Constituents: Starch, tannin, resin, glucoside (vibur- 
nin), valeric acid, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Viburni Opuli Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Fluidextractum Viburni Opuli; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Viburni Opuli Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



229 




MEZEREUM 

1, Outer surface showing prominent lenticels. 2, Inner 
smooth satin-like surface. 3, Small bundle formed by fold- 
ing the bark lengthwise and tying with pieces of the bark. 



230 



MEZEREUM (Mezer.) U. S. P. 

English name: Mezereum. 

Synonyms: Mezereon, Spurge Olive. 

Botanical origin: Daphne Mezereum Linne, Daphne 
Gnidium Linne, or Daphne Laureola Linne. 
(Fam. Thymeleacece.) 

Part used: Bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 



None given. 
Ash: None given. 



Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. 
Description : 

Mezereum occurs as long, cut pieces of the bark. These pieces 
measure up to 1.2 m. in length, to 2.5 cm. in width and to 1 mm. 
in thickness. The bark is partially quilled, quilled, and overlap- 
ping quilled, and is frequently arranged in a small bundle. The 
outer surface varies in color from yellowish brown to purplish 
gray; it is smooth or has short, longitudinal wrinkles and large 
scattered light-colored lenticels and buds. The inner surface varies 
in color from gray to yellowish gray to greenish gray; it is finely 
striated longitudinally and is shiny like satin. There is no frac- 
ture. The bark bends when pressure is applied. The cut surface 
shows fine, silky fibers. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
pungent and acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, wax, acrid resin, coloring 
matter, bitter principle, etc. 

Dose: 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Mezerei N. F. (Used externally.) 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla? Compositum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 



231 







CASCARILLA 

1, Bark with the outer corky layer covered with lichens. 

2, Piece of the bark with outer corky layer removed. 3, 
Small pieces of the bark. 



232 



CASCARILLA (CascariU.) N. F. 

English name: Cascarilla. 

Synonyms : Sweetwood Bark, Sweet Bark. 

Botanical origin: Croton Eluteria (Linne) Bennett. 
(Fam. Euphorbiacece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of adhering 
wood. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Bahama Islands. 

Description : 

Cascarilla bark occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. 
These pieces measure up to 7.5 dm. in length, in small pieces 
usually up to 1 cm. in width and to 2 mm. in thickness. The 
bark is partially quilled and quilled. The outer surface is light 
gray except where the outer bark has been removed; then it varies 
in color from reddish brown to greenish brown. The thicker 
gray pieces are transversely fissured and longitudinally wrinkled; 
where the outer bark is removed the surface is smooth or slightly 
wrinkled. The inner surface varies from yellow to greenish 
brown ; it is finely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very 
weak and brittle; that of the thinner bark is incomplete. The 
fractured surface is greenish brown and slightly radiate. The 
odor is pleasingly aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, fat, pectin, tannin, 
cascarillin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 






233 




QUILLAJA 



1, Inner surface of the peeled bark. 2, Outer surface of 
the peeled bark with dark red patches of cork. 



234 



QUILLAJA N. F. 

English name : Quillaja. 

Synonyms : Soap-tree Bark. 

Botanical origin: Quillaja Saponaria Molina. (Fam. 
Rosacea}.) 

Part used : Peeled bark. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Chile to Peru. 

Description : 

Quillaja occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the 
peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 7.8 dm. in length, to 
2.7 dm. in width and to 10 mm. in thickness. The bark is flat or 
slab-like and partially quilled. The outer surface varies from yel- 
lowish gray to purplish brown when cork patches are present; it 
is frequently fissured. The inner surface is yellowish gray; it is 
non-striated, granular, and nearly smooth, and has small nodular 
projections and circular depressions. The fracture is incomplete 
and very strong, tough and hackly. The broken surface is 
coarsely fibrous and yellowish white. The odor is not character- 
istic. The taste is acrid. 

Constituents: Glucosides (quillajic acid, quillajasapo- 
toxin), tannin^ calcium oxalate and sulphate, etc. 

Dose : Not used internally. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura QuillajaB. 



235 



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1 * 


- ; ^B ' 


^H 


1 f 


■'ill 


■ 


■0 MB • 

EP "^3fc?. 

I §'• ill'.' 




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H 

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H 


H 

'H ^V ■Kin * ^ 


. lft|lflff 1 


mk*m±±<< nh.'.umth^t^m 







ULMUS 

1, Outer surface of the peeled bark with adhering patches 
of cork. 2, Fibers showing at the broken ends. 3, The 
long, coarsely striated inner surface. 



236 



ULMUS U. S. P. 

English name : Elm. 

Synonym: Elm Bark, Slippery Elm. 

Botanical origin: Ulmus fulva Michaux. (Fam. VI- 
macece.) 

Part used : Peeled bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida 
and Texas. 

Description : 

Elm bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces, or as cut 
and sawed pieces These pieces measure up to 3 dm. in length, to 
17 cm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The sawed pieces are 
usually arranged in bundles, which measure up to 3 dm. in length. 
to 1.7 dm. in width and to 1.6 dm. in thickness. The bark is flat 
or slab-like and partially quilled. The outer surface varies in 
color from pinkish yellow to reddish brown, when cork patches 
are present; it has numerous partially detached bast fibers. The 
inner surface varies from brownish yellow to yellowish brown; it 
is coarsely striated longitudinally. The fracture is very strong, 
tough and incomplete. The fractured surface is very fibrous and 
of a light pinkish gray. The odor is distinct. The taste is sweet 
and mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Gum, starch, tannin, etc. 
Dose: None stated officially. 
Preparations : 

Trochisci Ulmi N. F. ; Dose. 1 troche. 



237 




1, Coarsely striated inner surface. 2, Fissure of the par- 
tially peeled bark. 



T^-^"»7 



FRAXINUS (Fraxin.) N. F. 

English name : White Ash Bark. 

Synonyms : "White Ash, Cane Ash. 

Botanical origin: Fraxinus americana Linne, and 
probably other species of Fraxinus. (Fam. Ole- 
acecB.) 

Part used: Peeled bark. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida 
and Texas. 

Description : 

White ash bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces 
These pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length, to 7 cm. in width 
and to 7 mm. in thickness. The bark is fiat or slab-like and par 
tially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from gray brown 
where it is fissured, to yellowish brown where the cork has been 
removed. The inner surface is brownish yellow, smooth where 
completely removed from the tree or striated longitudinally when 
partially removed. The fracture is very strong, tough, and incom- 
plete. The fractured surface is coarsely fibrous. The odor is very 
slightly aromatic. The taste is slightly pungent, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Fraxin (glucoside), a bitter substance 
(fraxetin), tannin, mannit, ^volatile oil, gum, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Vinum Fraxini ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



239 




PRUNUS VIRGINIANA 

1, Outer surface of the bark with adhering cork. 2, Peeled 
bark with numerous white lenticels. 3, Finely striated and 
fissured inner surface. 4, Cross-section of stem bark. 



240 






PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (Prun. Virg.) U. S. P. 



English name : Wild Cherry. 

Synonyms : Wild Cherry Bark, Black Cherry Bark. 

Botanical origin: Prunus serotina Ehrhart (Prunus 
virginiana Miller) . (Fam. Rosacece.) 

Part used : Stem bark. 

Impurities : None given in XJ. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Ontario to North Dakota, south to Florida 
and Texas. 

Description : 

Wild Cherry occurs as a mixture of cut aud broken pieces, which 
may be peeled, partially peeled and unpeeled. These pieces 
measure up to 30 cm. in length, to 5 cm. in width and to 4 mm. 
in thickness. The bark is chip-like or partially quilled. The outer 
surface, if impeeled, is brownish black; it has numerous trans- 
versely elongated brown lenticels ; if the outer surface is peeled 
it is brownish green and brown ; it has numerous transversely 
elongated grayish white lenticel scars. The inner surface varies 
from yellowish brown to reddish brown; it is finely striated and 
fissured. The fracture is weak, brittle and uneven. The frac- 
tured surface is yellowish and reddish brown, granular and slightly 
fibrous. The odor is aromatic, bitter-almond-like when moistened. 
The taste is astringent and pungent. 

Constituents: Amygdalin (glucoside), ferment (emul- 
sin), bitter principle, resin, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Pruni Virginiana? N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 
Infusum Pruni Virginianae N. F. ; Dose, 60 mils (2 fl. ozs.). 
Syrupus Pruni Virginiana?; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Vinum Pruni Virginiana? N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



241 




CASCARA SAGRADA 



1, Hepatics attached to the outer surface, 
ered with lichens. 3, Fruiting lichens. 
of a double quill. 5, Cross-section of a 
bark. 6, Overlapping quilled bark. 



2, Surface cov- 
4, Cross-section 
partially quilled 



242 



T^N* 1 



CASCARA SAGRADA (Case. Sagr.) U. S. P. 

English name : Cascara Sagrada. 

Synonyms : Cascara Bark, Chittem Bark. 

Botanical origin: Rhamnns Purshiana de Candolle. 
(Fam. Rhamnacece.) 

Part used : Bark of the trunk and branches. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Northwestern United States, south to North- 
ern California and Idaho. 

Description : 

Cascara Sagrada occurs as cut pieces or entire and broken pieces. 
These pieces measure up to 6 dm. in length, to 8.5 cm. in width 
and to 6 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like, partially quilled, 

?[uilled, and overlapping quilled. The outer surface varies in color 
rom purple to grayish purple to light gray. The surface of the 
thin bark has prominent transverse lenticels; the thicker bark, a 
few broad lenticels with apothecia; still thicker pieces have longi- 
tudinal fissures and attached moss or hepatic plants. The inner 
surface varies in color from yellowish to reddish to purplish 
brown ; it is smooth and non-striated. The fracture is brittle and 
uneven. The fractured surface is brownish yellow, granular and 
fibrous. The odor is slight. The taste is slightly sweet and bitter. 

Constituents: Resins, emodin, cascarin, frangulin, 
tannin, fixed and volatile oils, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Cascara? Sagrada? N. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Cascara? Sagrada? Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 

fl. dr.). 
Extractum Cascara? Sagrada?; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Pluidextractum Cascara? Sagrada?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Fluidextractum Cascara? Sagrada? Aromaticum; Dose, 2 mils (30 

min.). 
Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagrada? N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagrada? Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose. 1 

mil (15 min.). 



243 




CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM 

1, Bark from a small branch. 2, Outer surface of medium 
thick bark. 3, Inner surface of the bark. 4, Outer and 
inner surface of a thicker bark. 

244 



^"*SS-^« 



CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM (Cinnam. Saigon.) 
U. S. P. 

English name : Saigon Cinnamon. 

Synonyms: Annam Cinnamon. 

Botanical origin: An undetermined species of Cinna- 
momum. (Fam. Lanracece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of volatile extractive, 
soluble in ether. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. The amount of ash 
insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not 
exceed 2 per cent, of the weight of Saigon Cinna- 
mon taken. 

Habitat: China. 

Description : 

Saigon Cinnamon occurs as a mixture of long, cut and broken 
pieces. These pieces measure up to 2.9 dm. in length, to 3.8 mm. 
in width and to 5 mm. in thickness ; they are usually arranged in 
bundles which measure up to 2.9 dm. in length and to 18 cm. in 
width. Each bundle is held together with three strands of bam- 
boo, and a bamboo stick on which are Chinese characters occurs 
in each bundle. The bark is quilled and overlapping quilled. The 
outer surface of the thin bark is dark purplish brown ; it is 
longitudinally striated and has portions of branches or branch 
scars ; that of the thicker bark varies in color from brown to 
grayish brown ; the surface is rough and wrinkled and has branch 
scars. The inner surface varies in color from light yellowish to 
reddish brown; it is very finely striated and granular. The frac- 
ture of the thin pieces is very weak and brittle ; that of the thicker 
pieces, brittle. The fractured surface has a dark brown outer 
and inner layer and a light yellowish brown central layer. The 
thicker pieces are granular and have numerous masses of white 
bast fibers. The odor is aromatic. The taste is very sweet, aro- 
matic and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, mucilage, resin, sugar, 
tannin, cinnamic aldehyde, etc. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Pulvis Aromaticus; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus N. F. ; Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Syrupus Cinnamomi N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Aromatica N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Cinnamomi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



245 




XANTHOXYLUM-SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH 

1, Outer surface showing wide shallow fissures and gray 
lichens. 2, Peeled bark. 3, Corky wart surmounted by 
a spine, and just beneath is a piece of bark with a cluster 
of warts. 

246 






XANTHOXYLUM (Xanthox.) U. S. P. 
(1) Southern Prickly Ash 

English name : Xanthoxyhim. 

Synonyms: Southern Prickly-ash Bark, Pepper 
"Wood. 

Botanical origin : Xanthoxyhim Clava-Hercnlis Linne. 
(Faro. Eutacece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Virginia to Arkansas, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Southern Prickly- ash Bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken 
pieces. These pieces measure up to 20 cm. in length, to 6 cm. in 
width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like, or par- 
tially quilled and quilled. The outer surface is usually covered 
with gray lichens and shallow transverse fissures and yellow 
lenticels. The peeled outer bark is greenish or yellowish brown 
and smooth. Many of the pieces of the bark have solitary or 
clustered wart-like elevations of cork, frequently surmounted by a 
small spine. The inner surface varies in color from yellowish 
green to greenish brown, and it glistens with many small crystals. 
The fracture is brittle. The fractured surface varies in color from 
yellowish to dark brown ; it is finely radiate and has numerous 
yellowish brown oil cavities and glistening crystals. The odor is 
not characteristic. The taste is bitter, acrid and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, fat, sugar, tannin, acrid 
resin, alkaloid (xanthoxyline), etc. 



Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli ; 



Dose, 2 mils (30 min.) 



247 




XANTHOXYLUM-NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH 

1, Scaly inner surface of the bark. 2, Partially peeled 
bark. 3, Spine attached to the outer surface. 4, Bark 
showing a fragment of attached wood. 



248 



^T^^W 



XANTHOXYLUM (Xanthox.) U. S. P. 
(2) Northern Prickly Ash 

English name : Xanthoxylum. 

Synonyms: Northern Prickly-ash Bark, Toothache 
Tree. 

Botanical origin: Xanthoxylum americanum Miller. 
(Fam. Rutacece.) 

Part used : Bark. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and 
Nebraska. 

Description : 

Northern prickly-ash bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken 
pieces. These pieces measure up to 15.5 cm. in length, to 22 mm. 
in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is chip-like and 
partially quilled. The outer surface varies in color from gray 
to grayish black; it is slightly striated longitudinally and fur- 
rowed, and has an occasional bud stem scar and spines. The 
inner surface is gray and yellowish white; it is finely striated 
longitudinally, and it has great numbers of minute oleoresin cavi- 
ties with resin. Occasionally the surface is scaly. The fracture 
is weak, brittle and uneven. The fractured surface is nearly black 
in the outermost layer, yellowish in the middle layer, and yellow- 
ish brown and radiate in the inner layer. The entire surface has 
minute oleoresin cavities. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is bitter, acrid and strongly pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, fat, sugar, tannin, acrid 
resin, alkaloid (xanthoxyline), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



249 




QUERCUS 



1, Piece of wood attached to the inner surface. 2, Longi- 
tudinal striations. 3, Outer surface of the peeled bark 
showing the fibrous ends. 



250 



QUERCUS (Querc.) N. F. 



^?.^K 



English name : Quercus. 
Synonyms : White Oak Bark. 

Botanical origin: Quercus alba Linne. (Fam. Fa- 

gacece.) 

Part used : Peeled bark of the trunk and branches. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Quercus occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces. These 
pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length, to 7 cm. in width and to 
8 mm. in thickness. The bark is fiat, slab-like or partially quilled. 
The outer surface varies in color from light brown to dark brown; 
it is striated and has numerous partially detached groups of bast 
fibers. The inner surface is dark brown and striated longitudi- 
nally ; the striated portion is often porous. The fracture is strong, 
tough and incomplete. The fractured surface is dark brown and 
coarsely fibrous. The odor is not' characteristic. The taste is 
strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Quercitannic and gallic acids, oak-red, 
pectin, resin, fat, bitter principle, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Quercus; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



251 



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PINUS ALBA 

1, Corrugated inner surface of the bark. 2, Striated outer 
surface with numerous round oleoresin cavities with 
resins. 



252 



^■^;"V»" 



PINUS ALBA (Pinus Alb.) N. F. 

English name : White Pine Bark. 

Synonyms : Northern Pine, Spruce Pine. 

Botanical origin: Pinus Strobus Linne. (Fam. Pi- 
nacece.) 

Part used : Peeled bark. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to New 
Jersey and Iowa. 

Description : 

White Pine Bark occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of 
the peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 8 dm. in length, to 
4 dm. in width and to 3 mm. in thickness. The bark is flat and 
frequently folded several times lengthwise. The outer surface 
varies in color from pinkish yellow to brown; it is coarsely 
striated and has numerous oleoresin cavities with resin. The 
surface frequently has patches of brown or gray cork tissue. The 
inner surface is yellowish brown, finely striated, smooth, and cor 
rugated. The fracture is strong, tough and incomplete. The frac- 
tured surface is light yellow and fibrous. The odor is not distinct. 
The taste is slightly sweet, bitter and astringent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, tannin, gum, resin, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus cum Morphina ; Dose, 2 mils 
(30 min.). 



253 



• a- ' 




CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM 

1, Outer surface of a large quill. 2, Oblique section of a 
multiple overlapping quill. 3, Cross-section of a quill. 

254 






CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM (Cinnam. Zeylan.) 
U. S. P. 

English name: Ceylon Cinnamon. 

Synonyms: True Cinnamon. 

Botanical origin: Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Breyne. 
(Fam. Lauracece.) 

Part used: Peeled bark. 

Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of the outer 
bark or other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extrac- 
tive, soluble in ether. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. The amount of ash 
insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 
2 per cent, of the weight of Ceylon Cinnamon 
taken. 

Habitat : Island of Ceylon. 

Description : 

Ceylon Cinnamon occurs as cut, rarely as broken, pieces of the 
peeled bark. These pieces measure up to 1.2 m. in length, to 
18 mm. in width, and to 1.5 mm. in thickness. The bark is mul- 
tiple overlapping quilled; frequently there are fifteen individual 
pieces of bark in a quill. The outer surface is yellowish brown; 
it is striated and smooth and occasionally has branch scars. The 
inner surface is dark yellowish brown; it is finely striated and 
either smooth or rough. The fracture is very weak, brittle and 
uneven. The fractured surface is fibrous. The odor is aromatic. 
The. taste is slightly sweet, pungent and slightly astringent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, mucilage, resin, sugar, tan- 
nin, cinnamic aldehyde, etc. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

None. 



255 





Ceylon Cinnamon, 40-inch quills, in bundle 18 inches in 
diameter, tied with 5 bands of rope and with an outer cov- 
ering of burlap. 

256 



CHAPTER VI 

WOODS AND PITH 

IN the study of woods the following must be consid- 
ered: Occurrence, size, nature, texture, color, sur- 
face, fracture, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Woods occur as cut, as sawed, or 
as bored pieces. 

2. Size. The size of the pieces of the different 
woods is variable and not diagnostic. 

3. Nature. Logwood is frequently in the form of 
logs; guaiac, in the form of borings; quassia, in the 
form of shavings or chips or cubes (sawed). 

4. Texture. The texture of all the woods is fibrous ; 
guaiac is resinous and fibrous. 

5. Color. The woods vary greatly in color. The 
sap wood of quassia is gray; the heart wood, yellow; 
santalum album varies from yellow to reddish brown ; 
santalum rubrum is brownish red. 

6. Surface. The surface of all the woods is splin- 
tery. 

7. Fracture. The fracture is in all cases hackly. 

8. Odor. The only odorous wood is white sandal- 
wood, which is aromatic; the pther woods have no 
characteristic odor. 

9. Taste. Quassia is strongly bitter ; white sandal- 
wood is pungent ; guaiac wood is acrid and pungent ; 
logwood is astringent. 

PITH 

Sassafras pith is the only one official. In studying 
piths one should keep in mind the characters given 
under woods. 

257 




QUASSIA 

1. Cubes of the wood. 2, Chips. 3, Shavings 



258 






QUASSIA (Quass.) U. S. P. 

English name : Quassia. 

Synonyms: Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia, Surinam 
Quassia. 

Botanical origin: Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Plan- 
chon or Quassia amara Linne. (Fam. Simarub- 

acece.) 

Part used : Wood. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : West Indies. 

Description : 

Quassia occurs as the sawed or cut pieces of the wood. These 
pieces are of variable size. The wood may be in the form of 
shavings, small chips, or sawed into cubes. The outer and inner 
surfaces of the sap-wood are gray ; of the heart- wood light or dark 
yellow and slightly porous. The fracture of the larger pieces is 
very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured surface varies in 
color from gray to dark yellow; it is porous and fibrous. The 
odor is not characteristic. The taste is very strong and persist- 
ently bitter. 

Constituents: Bitter principles, alkaloids, resin, pec- 
tin, mucilage, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Quassia? N. F. ; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Fluidextractum Quassia? N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Quassia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



259 







SANTALUM ALBUM 

1, Fragment of the wood showing the splintery ends. 
Small fragment. 3, Fragment showing light patches 
medullary rays. 



260 






SANTALUM ALBUM (Santal. Alb.) N. F. 
(1) White Sandal Wood 

English name : Sandal Wood. 

Synonyms: White Sandal Wood, Yellow Sandal Wood. 

Botanical origin: Santalum album Linne. (Fam. San- 
talacece.) 

Part used : Heart-wood. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern India. 

Description : 

White Sandal Wood occurs as small logs or billets and as cut and 
broken pieces. The billets and pieces are of variable length and 
diameter. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from light 
yellowish to dark reddish brown. The cut surface has ax 
marks ; it is smooth and dark yellowish brown. The uncut sur- 
face is rough and furrowed, or it has dark bands of medullary- 
rays alternating with the lighter wood. The fracture of the 
smaller pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured 
surface is similar to the surface. The odor is pleasingly aromatic. 
The taste is slightly sweet and pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, tannin, etc. 
Dose:JJsed only in the form of its preparations. 
Preparations : 

Oleum Santali U. S. P.; Dose. 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Sabal et Santali N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



261 




SANTALUM RUBRUM 

1, A mass of granulated wood of variable size. 



262 



_ 






SANTALUM RUBRUM (Santal. Rub.) U. S. P. 
(2) Red Sandal Wood 

English name : Red Sandal Wood. 
Synonyms : Red Saunders, Ruby Wood. 

Botanical origin : Pterocarpus santalinus Linne filius. 

(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Heart- wood. 
Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 
Assay : None given. 
Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 
Habitat : East Indies. 
Description : 

Red Sandal "Wood occurs usually as a mixture of fine and coarse 
powder. The largest pieces are usually less than a millimeter in 
length. The texture is fibrous. The color is bright brownish red. 
The surface is rough. The fracture and the fractured surface 
cannot be observed on account of the fineness of the powder. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly astringent. 

Constituents : Red coloring matter, pterocarpin, resin, 
tannin, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Enters into Tinctura Lavandulae Composita; Dose, 2 mils (30 
min.). 



263 










GUAIACI LIGNUM 

1, Mass of chips showing white nonofficial pieces. 2, Por- 
tion of a boring from a bowling ball. 3, Projecting fibers 
of the wood. 



264 



GUAIACI LIGNUM (Guaiac. Lig.) N. F. 

English name : Guaiac Wood. 

Synonyms : Lignum Vitae, Lignum Sanctum. 

Botanical origin : Guaiacum officinale Linne or Guaia- 
cum sanctum Linne. (Fam. Zygophyllacece.) 

Part used: Heart-wood. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Yields not less than 15 per cent, extractive to 
alcohol. 

Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: West Indies. 

Description : 

Guaiac wood occurs as a mixture of chips, shavings, cuttings and 
trimmings. Most of the drug is obtained as a by-product in the 
manufacture of bowling balls. The size of the pieces is very 
variable. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from greenish 
brown to reddish brown. The pieces of sap-wood are light yellow 
in color, and few of these should be present because they do not 
contain so much resin as the dark green heart-wood. The surface 
is powdery, rough and irregularly furrowed. The fracture of the 
smaller pieces is very strong, tough and hackly. The fractured 
■surface is splintery. The odor is not characteristic. The taste 
is not distinct at first, but upon prolonged chewing it is acrid and 
pungent. 

Constituents: Resin, cellulose, vasculose, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Guaiacum (Guaiac Resin), U. S. P.; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 



265 







HJEMATOXYLON 

1, Pieces of worthless fermented wood. 2 and 3, Piectv 

of unfermented wood. 



266 






HiEMATOXYLON (Hsematox.) N. F. 

English name: Hematoxylon. 

Synonyms: Logwood. 

Botanical origin: Hcematoxylon campechianum Linne. 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used: Unfermented heart-wood. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3.5 per cent. 

Habitat : Central America and West Indies. 

Description : 

Logwood occurs as small logs and as cut and broken pieces. The 
logs and pieces are of variable size. The texture is fibrous. The 
color of the outer surface is reddish brown, of the cut or broken 
surface yellowish red. It is longitudinally striated and slightly 
porous. The fracture of the smaller pieces is very strong, tough 
and hackly. The fractured surface is splintery and yellowish red. 
The fermented drug, which is frequently supplied as the official 
drug, is dark purplish brown and of an iridescent green color. 
The odor is not characteristic. The taste is slightly sweet and 
astringent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resin, hematoxylin, 
etc. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Extractum Haemotoxyli; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 



20; 




SASSAFRAS MEDULLA 

1, Straight piece of pith. 2, Mass of irregular pieces. ;i. 
Curved pieces of pith. 






SASSAFRAS MEDULLA (Sassaf. Med.) N. F. 

English name : Sassafras Pith. 

Synonyms : Ague-tree Pith. 

Botanical origin: Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury) 

0. Kuntz. (Fam. Lauracece.) 
Part used : Dried pith. 
Impurities: None given officially. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash: None given. 
Habitat: Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and 

Texas. 
Description : 

Sassafras pith occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces. 
These pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length and to 6 mm. in 
diameter. The texture is non-fibrous and parenchymatic. The 
color varies from white to yellowish brown. The surface is 
striated and is split or cleft on the outer edge. The fracture is 
very weak and brittle, or it may be pliable. The fractured sur- 
face is yellowish white and porous. The odor is slight. The taste 
is mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Gum, volatile oil, etc. 
Preparations : 

Mucilago Sassafras Medulke; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 



CARBO LIGNI (Carbo Lig.) U. S. P. 

English name : Wood Charcoal. 

Synonyms: Charcoal, Soft-wood Charcoal. 

Botanical Origin: Variable. 

Part used : Charred wood. 

Impurities : 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Variable, according to the source of the 

wood. 
Description : 

Dull black, fine powder, which should not be gritty and which 
adheres to the fingers when touched; odor and taste not charac- 
teristic. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Trochisci Carbonis Ligni N. P. ; Dose, 1 troche. 
2(59 



CHAPTER VII 

STEMS 

IN the study of stems the following must be consid- 
ered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, 
texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood 
and pith. 

1. Occurrence. Cactus and dulcamara occur as cut 
stems, arbor- vitae as broken branches, scoparius as 
cut and broken branches. 

2. Size. Cactus has a maximum diameter of 3 
cm. ; the smaller branches of scoparius are less than 
1 mm. in diameter. 

3. Nature. Cactus and dulcamara are simple 
(non-branched), scoparius and thuja are branched. 
In scoparius the branches are alternate. 

4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged and a 
variable distance apart. They are diagnostic. 

5. Internodes. The internodes are very variable in 
length. In the older branches they are usually farther 
apart than in the younger branches. 

6. Texture. The texture of cactus stem is succulent 
(non-fibrous), all the other stems are fibrous. 

7. Color. The color of cactus is dark-green, of 
scoparius greenish brown; of thuja the color varies 
from dark green to reddish brown. Bittersweet is 
greenish brown. 

8. Surface. The surface of cactus is spiny and 
channeled ; of scoparius winged, of thuja covered with 
four rows of leaves ; of bittersweet striated. 

9. Fracture. The fracture of thuja, scoparius and 
bittersweet is uneven. Cactus grandiflorus bends, 
therefore it has no fracture. 

270 






10. Outline. The outline of cactus grandiflorus is 
wavy; of scoparius usually five-angled, of thuja ir- 
regular, of bittersweet cylindrical. 

11, 12, 13. Cortex, Wood and Pith. The cortex of 
cactus grandiflorus is very thick and non-fibrous. The 
cortex in thuja, scoparius and bittersweet is thin and 
the wood is rather thick. In bittersweet the pith is 
hollow. 



271 




CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS 

1, Central wood portion of a longitudinal section, 
mucilaginous cortex. 3, Ridges of a young stem, 
of the outer surface. 5, Circular wood portion, 
section of a young stem. 



2, Thick 
4, Spines 
6, Cross- 



272 



CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS (Cact. Grand.) N. F. 



English name : Cactus Grandiflorus. 

Synonyms: Night-blooming Cereus, Sweet-scented 
Cactus. 

Botanical origin: Cactus grandiflorus Linne [Cereus 
grandiflorus Miller]. (Fam. Cactacece.) 

Part used: Fresh succulent stems. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : West Indies, Porto Rico and Mexico. 

Description : 

Cactus Grandiflorus occurs as long pieces several meters in 
length, or as pieces of variable length, contained in a bottle, etc., 
and covered with alcohol. The maximum diameter of the stem is 
3 cm. The stems are simple or rarely branched (when cut). The 
nodes are not distinct. The texture of the cortex is mucilaginous ; 
of the central cylinder fibrous. The color is dark green. The 
surface is deeply channeled longitudinally. The ridges have clus- 
ters of spines 6 mm. in length and occasionally tough branched 
roots. The outline is from 5 to 9 angled. The cortex is muci- 
laginous ; the wood fibrous ; the pith hollow. The odor is slightly 
aromatic. The taste is mucilaginous, SAveet and bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloid (cactine), glucoside, resin, fat, 
etc. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Cacti Grandiflori : 



Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



273 




SCOPARIUS 

1, Stem showing the two wings ending in a node. 2, A 
large flower and a flower bud. 3, The hairy pistil. 4, 
Fruit. 5, Three foliate leaves. 



274 






SCOPARIUS (Scopar.) N. F. 

English name: Scoparius. 

Synonyms : Broom Tops. 

Botanical origin: Cytisus scoparius (Linne) Link. 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Dried tops. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Asia and Europe. 

Description : 

Scoparius occurs as a mixture of cut and broken pieces of the 
tops. The pieces measure up to 9 dm. in length. The stems are 
branched and alternate. The branches curve upward parallel to 
the main stem. The nodes have small leaf scars and prominent 
buds. The internodes are of variable length and five-winged, the 
elevations beginning and ending in nodes. The texture is fibrous. 
The color of the small twigs is dark green, of the thicker twigs 
reddish brown. The surface is wrinkled or striated transversely. 
The fracture is tough. The outline is five-angled. The cortex is 
thin. The wood is yellowish. The pith is small. Occasionally a 
few leaves, flowers and fruits are present. The leaves are three- 
foliate. The petiole of the leaflets is long. The base is cuneate 
or acute. The margin is entire. The apex is mucronate. The 
outline is obovate or elliptical. The upper and under surface is 
ciliate. The odor is not distinct. The taste is disagreeably bitter. 

Constituents: Sparteine (alkaloid), scoparin (gluco- 
side), tannin, volatile oil, fat, sugar, coloring 
matter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Scoparii ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



275 




THUJA 

1, A typical leafy twig. 2, Small twig showing three of 
the four rows of leaves. 3, Fruit attached to a voting twig. 
4, Seed. 



276 



THUJA (Thu.) N. F. 

English name: Thuja. 

Synonyms : Arbor Yitae, White Cedar. 

Botanical origin: Thuja occidentalis Linne. (Fam. 
PinacecB.) 

Part used : Leafy young twigs. 

Impurities : Not more than 1 per cent, of foreign sub- 
stances. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat : New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North 
Carolina and Tennessee. 

Description : 

Thuja occurs as a mixture of broken pieces of leaves and twigs. 
The pieces measure up to 15 cm. in length. The leaves measure 
up to 5 mm. in diameter and to 4 mm. in width. The stems 
are branched. The nodes are not discernible. The leaves, which 
are arranged in four rows, are scale-like. The two lateral rows 
ar^ keeled, and they partially overlap the two rows of flat leaves. 
All four rows are acute at the apex. The two rows of flat leaves 
have a large gland near the apex. The two rows of keel-shaped 
leaves have indistinct glands. The internodes are variable in 
length. The texture of the stem is fibrous. The color varies from 
dark green to* yellowish brown. The fracture is fibrous. The out- 
line of the twigs and leaves is irregular. The cortex is thin. The 
wood is finely fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is tere- 
binthinate (like turpentine) and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resins, wax, tannin, gluco- 
sides (pinipicrin, thujin), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Thuja?; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 



277 



.;;: 




DULCAMARA 

1, Mass of cut pieces. 2, Pith of the stem. 3, Thick wood. 



278 



DULCAMARA (Dulcam.) N. F. 

English name : Bittersweet. 

Synonyms: Woody Nightshade, Poison Berry, Wolf 
Grape. 

Botanical origin: Solanum Dulcamara Linne. (Fam. 
Solanacece.) 

Part used: Dried stems and branches. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in North America, New 
Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and 
Kansas. 

Description : 

Bittersweet occurs as a mixture of short, oblique and transverse 
sections. These pieces measure up to 1 cm. in length and to 
7 mm. in diameter. The entire stems are branched. The nodes 
are slightly enlarged. The leaf buds are alternate. The inter- 
nodes are not distinct. The texture is fibrous. The color varies 
from yellow to greenish brown. The surface is striated longi- 
tudinally. The fracture is brittle and uneven. The outline is 
cylindrical. The cortex is thin and dark greenish brown in color. 
The wood varies in color from gray to greenish brown. The pith 
is brown and hollow or solid. The odor is not distinct. The taste 
is bitter and sweet. 

Constituents: Glucoside (dulcamarin), alkaloid (so- 
lanine), gum, wax, resin, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Dulcamarae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 




279 




Euphorbia Pilulifera, 100 lbs. In mats, covered with light 
burlap. 



280 






CHAPTER VIII 

PLANTS 

IN the study of plants the following must be consid- 
ered: (1) Leaves, (2) stems, (3) flowers, and (4) 
fruits. 

LEAVES 

In considering leaves, note carefully their occur- 
rence ; petiole, length, width, and nature ; blade, base, 
margin, apex, outline, size, upper surface, under sur- 
face, texture, odor, and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Leaves occur in a broken or entire 
condition. 

PETIOLE 

2. The petiole of euphorbia is very short ; of coptis 
and drosera, very long. 

BLADE 

3. Base. The base of euphorbia and Scutellaria is 
rounded; of the lobes of coptis, cuneate; of drosera, 
slenderly tapering. 

4. Margin. The margin of the leaves of chirata 
and the droseras is entire. The margin of euphorbia 
is serrate. In coptis the margin is crenate. 

5. Apex. The apex of drosera rotundifolia is 
rounded; of chirata, Scutellaria, and euphorbia, acute. 

6. Outline. The outline of drosera longifolia is 
oblong-spatulate ; of drosera intermedia, spatulate ; of 
drosera rotundifolia, orbicular; of chirata, oblong- 
spatulate; of Scutellaria, ovate-lanceolate; of chirata, 
oblong-ovate. 

7. Size. Varies greatly in the different leaves. 

281 



8. Upper Surface. A study of the upper surface 
includes the color, markings, and veins. 

The color usually is dark green. The markings and 
the veins are not diagnostic. 

9. Under Surface. The under surface is light gray 
and non-hairy except in euphorbia. The markings are 
not characteristic, and the veins are elevated promi- 
nently, as in Scutellaria. 

10. Texture. The texture is thin and papery, and 
the leaves are brittle. 

11. Odor. The leaves of the plants have no charac- 
teristic odor. 

12. Taste. The taste of chirata is very strongly 
bitter; of drosera, coptis, and euphorbia, less so; of 
Scutellaria, only very slightly bitter. Euphorbia and 
the droseras also have a slightly acrid taste. 

STEMS 

In the study of stems the following must be consid- 
ered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, 
texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood, 
and pith. 

1. Occurrence. Most stems occur in a broken con- 
dition. 

2. Size. The size of the different stems is extremely 
variable, but for each there is a rather uniform maxi- 
mum diameter. The stems of plants vary in diameter 
from 1 mm., as in chirata, to 4 mm., as in Scutellaria. 

3. Nature. Stems are simple, as in cactus, or 
branched, as in scoparius. 

4. Nodes. The nodes are enlarged in most of the 
plants studied. Euphorbia Pilulifera is an example. 
From the nodes may develop one branch, in which case 
they alternate on the stem, as in chirata; if they de- 
velop two stems at the node, the branches are then 
opposite, as in Scutellaria. 

5. Internode. This is variable and not diagnostic. 

282 



<^^M 



6. Texture. The stems of all the plants are fibrous. 
Chirata is quite woody; Scutellaria is fibrous, but 
not woody. The sundews never have stems except 
when in flower. 

7. Color. The color is purplish brown, as in chi- 
rata; yellowish brown, as in Scutellaria; reddish 
brown, as in euphorbia. 

8. Surface. The surface may be smooth, as in dro- 
sera rotundif olia ; slightly winged, as in chirata; 
sunken, as in Scutellaria; and spotted, as in a few of 
the stems of euphorbia. 

9. Fracture. The fracture has little diagnostic im- 
portance in the study of stems of herbs. 

10. Outline. The outline is quadrangular, as in 
Scutellaria and in the small branches of chirata; or 
cylindrical, as in the larger chirata stems and in 
euphorbia. 

11. 12, 13. The study of the cortex, wood and pith 
is not macroscopically diagnostic in the stems of the 
official plants. 



2S3 








W 

i 


\¥i 


1 




r I 2 


^^F^- 



CHIRATA 

1, Root of the plant. 2, Flowering and fruiting top. ii, 
Fruit. 4. Leaf showing the characteristic venation. 



284 






CHIRATA (Ohirat.) N. F. 

English name: Chirata. 

Synonyms : Chirayta, Chiretta, Bitter Stick. 

Botanical origin: Swertia Chirayita (Roxburgh) 
Hamilton. (Fam. Gentianacece.) 

Part used: Dried plant. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern India. 

Description : 

Chirata occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the plant. These 
pieces measure up to 10 dm. in length. The stems are usually 
branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves and branches are 
alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is 
fibrous. The color varies from light yellow to purplish brown. 
The surface of the stem is smooth and slightly winged and striated. 
The fracture is fibrous. The outline of the thick stems is cylin- 
drical, of the small stems four-sided. The cortex is thin. The 
wood is thin and brown. The pith is large, hollow or solid. A 
few roots, leaves and fruits are usually present. The roots are 
simple or branched, tapering and woody. The leaves are sessile. 
The base is rounded. The margin is entire. The apex is acute 
or acuminate. The outline is oblong-ovate. The size is variable. 
The larger leaves measure up to 9 cm. in length and to 3 cm. 
in width. The under surface shows five or six prominent veins. 
The fruit is a two-celled capsule; the carpels are acute and 
usually partially opened. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Tannin, wax, bitter principles (ophelic 
acid and chiratin), etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Chirata?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



285 





DROSERA-ROUND-LEAVED 

1, The round glandular leaves of the plant. 2, Flower 
cluster. 3, Large flower cluster. 4, Glandular hairs pro- 
jecting from the edge of the leaf. 



286 



-^ 






DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. 
(1) Round-leaved Drosera 

English name : Drosera. 

Synonyms: Round-leaved Sundew, Common Sundew. 

Botanical origin: Drosera rotundifolia Linne. (Fam. 
Droseracece.) 

Part used : Air-dried flowering plant. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern North America, south to Florida 
and Alabama. 

Description : 

Round-leaved Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the plant. The plants measure up to 12 cm. when in 
flower. The leaves are all basal and are arranged in a rosette. 
The petiole is flat and pubescent and has glandular hairs which 
measure up to 5 mm. in length. The base of the blade is cuneate. 
The margin is entire. The outline is orbicular or broader than 
long. The size varies. The largest blades measure up to 1 cm. 
in width. The upper surface and margins have numerous glandu- 
lar hairs. The under surface is nearly smooth. The scape is 
simple or branched and smooth. The flowers have five sepals, five 
petals, five stamens, and one pistil with a three-parted style. The 
fruit is a three-parted capsule containing many seeds. The odor 
of the plant is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- 
ment, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Droserae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



287 




DROSERA— INTERMEDIATE 

1, Rosette of leaves. 2, Flower pedicle. 3, Cluster of flowers. 



288 



-^-^ 



DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. 

(2) Intermediate Drosera 

English name : Drosera. 

Synonyms : Intermediate Sundew. 

Botanical origin: Drosera intermedia Hayne. (Fam. 
Droseracece.) 

Part used : Plant. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern North America, south to Florida 
and Louisiana. 

Description : 

Intermediate Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the plant. The plants measure up to 11.5 cm. when in 
flower. The leaves are all basal and are arranged in an ascend- 
ing rosette. The petiole is flat and glabrous; it measures up to 
27 mm. in length. The base of the blade is acuminate. The 
margin is entire. The outline is spatulate. The size varies. The 
larger blade measures up to 13 mm. in length and to 4 mm. in 
diameter. The upper surface and margins have numerous glandu- 
lar hairs. The under surface is smooth. The scape is simple or 
branched and smooth. The flowers have five sepals, five petals, 
five stamens, and one pistil with a three-parted style. The fruit 
is a three-parted capsule. The odor is not distinct. The taste 
is slightly bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- 
ment, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Flu idextr actum Drosera?; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



289 




DROSERA— LONG-LEAVED 

1, Spatulate leaves of the plant. 2, Roots of the plant. 
3, Glandular hairs on the margin of the leaf. 4, Flower 
cluster. 

290 



-^^B i 



DROSERA (Droser.) N. F. 

(3) Long-leaved Drosera 

English name : Drosera. 
Synonyms: Long-leaved Sundew. 

Botanical origin: Drosera longifolia Linne. (Fam. 

Droseracece.) 

Part used: Air-dried flowering plant. 
Impurities : None given officially. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. 
Habitat : Europe and United States. 
Description : 

Long-leaved Drosera occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the plant. These plants measure up to 24 cm. when in 
flower. The leaves are all basal and erect. The petiole, which is 
flat and mostly glabrous, measures up to 4.7 cm. in length. The 
base of the blade is strongly tapering. The margin is entire. The 
outline is oblong spatulate. The size varies. The largest blades 
measure up to 2 cm. in length and to 4 mm. in width. The upper 
surface and margins have numerous glandular hairs. The under 
surface is smooth. The scape is usually simple and smooth. The 
flowers have five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and one pistil 
with a three-parted style. The fruit is a three-parted capsule. 
The seeds are numerous. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Resin, glucose, tannin, peptonizing fer- 
ment, etc. 

)ose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Reparations : 

Fluidextractum Droserae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



291 




SCUTELLARIA 

1, Petiole. 2, Acute apex. 3, Coarsely serrate margin. 
4, Rounded base. 5, Single flower. 6, Leaf and axillary 
raceme. 



292 



SCUTELLARIA (Scutell.) N. F. 

English name : Scutellaria. 

Synonyms : Skullcap, Hoodwort, Madweed. 

Botanical origin: Scutellaria lateriflora Linne. (Fam. 
Labiatce.) 

Part used: Dried plant. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to 
Florida and New Mexico. 

Description : 

Scutellaria occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the herb. 
The stems measure up to 4 mm. in diameter. The stems are 
branched. The nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and stems 
are opposite. The internodes are of unequal length. The texture 
of the stem is fibrous. The color is yellowish green. The surface 
is smooth and sunken on four sides. The fracture is fibrous. 
The outline is square. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith 
is large. The leaves have petioles measuring up to 2.5 cm. The 
base of the blade is rounded or cordate. The margin is coarsely 
serrate. The apex is acuminate or acute. The outline is ovate 
lanceolate. The size is variable. Large leaves measure up to 7 
cm. in length and 3 cm. in width. The upper surface is dark 
green. The under surface is light green. The veins are promi- 
nent on both surfaces. The flowers are in terminal or axillary 
racemes. The calyx is campanulate (two-lipped). The white or 
blue corolla turns yellow when dry ; the two-lipped calyx enlarges 
at the throat. The calyx is helmet-shaped in the fruit, and con- 
tains the fruit. The odor of the plant is not distinct. The taste is 
slightly bitter. 

Constituents: Scutellarin (glucoside), volatile oil, tan- 
nin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Scutellariae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



293 




EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA 

1, Stems of the plant. 2, Root of the plant. 3. Yellow 
hairs growing on the stem. 4, Leaf. 5, Flower cluster. 



294 



-^^H 



EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA (Euphorb. Pilul.) N. F. 

English name : Euphorbia Pilulif era. 

Synonyms : Pill-bearing Spurge, Asthma Weed. 

Botanical origin: Euphorbia pilulif era Linne. (Fam. 
Euphorbiacece.) 

Part used : Dried plant. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Florida to Texas, south to Tropical America. 

Description : 

Euphorbia pilulifera occurs as a mixture of the entire plant and 
broken pieces. The plant measures up to 25 cm. in length. The 
stems are simple or branched. The nodes are enlarged. The 
leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable 
length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish 
yellow to reddish brown. The surface is smooth, striated or 
spotted. The smaller stems are covered with a dense coat of long, 
yellow hairs ; the thicker stems have scattered hairs. The fracture 
is brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex, wood and pith 
are not distinctive. The leaves have short petioles. The blade is 
unequilateral and rounded at the base. The margin is finely ser- 
rate. The apex is acute. The outline is ovate lanceolate. The 
upper surface and the under surface are yellowish green and 
pubescent, and the veins are distinct. The flowers are inconspicu- 
ous and occur in axillary clusters. The fruits are very small and 
three-celled, and have as many as three seeds. The odor is not 
characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Acrid and other resins. Not fully in- 
vestigated. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Euphorbia? Pilulifera? ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



295 




COPTIS 



1, Leaf with a long petiole. 2, Portion of a rhizome with 
slender roots. 3, Tangled mass of leaves, rhizomes and 
roots. 



296 



COPTIS (Cop.) N. F. 






English name: Coptis. 

Synonyms: Goldthread, Canker-root, Mouth-root. 

Botanical origin: Coptis trifolia (Linne) Salisbury. 
(Fam. Ranunculacece.) 

Part used: Plant. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern North America, south to Canada 
and Minnesota. 

Description : 

Coptis occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
plant. The rhizomes measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 1 
mm. in diameter. The leaves measure up to 10 cm. in length. 
The rhizome is horizontal and branched. Minute stem scars and 
a circle of root occur at the node. The internodes are long. The 
texture is fibrous. The color varies from light to dark orange. 
The surface is smooth. The fracture is very weak and brittle. 
The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and the wood are bright 
orange. The leaves are trifoliate and have long petioles up to 
9 cm. The base of the segments is cuneate. The margin of the 
wedge-shaped portion is serrate, of the remaining portion crenate 
mucronate. The apex of the side segments is two-lobed, of the 
central segment three-lobed. The upper surface is dark green and 
shiny above; the under surface is light green and dull. The odor 
of the plant is not distinct. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (berberine, coptine), etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Coptis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



297 




HELIANTHEMUM 

1, Stems, leaves and flowers. 2, Flower. 3, Leaf. 4, Fruit. 



298 



HELIANTHEMUM (Helianth.) N. F. 



English name : Helianthemum. 

Synonyms: Frost-weed, Rock-rose. 

Botanical origin: Helianthemum canadense (Linne) 
Michaux. (Fam. Cistacece.) 

Part used: Herb. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Maine to Ontario, south to North Carolina 
and Kentucky. 

Description : 

Helianthemum occurs as a mixture of entire or broken stems with 
leaves attached or separated. The plant measures up to 20 cm. 
in length. The stems are branched. The nodes are distinct. The 
leaves, stems and buds are alternate. The internodes are of 
variable length. The texture is woody. The color varies from 
gray to grayish red. The surface is canescent. The fracture is 
brittle. The outline is cylindrical. The cortex is thin. The wood 
is thick. The pith is small and hollow. The petiole of the leaf 
is short; the longest measures up to 5 mm. The Made is tapering 
at the base. The margin is entire and slightly revolute. The 
apex is acute or rounded. The upper surface varies in color from 
green to yellowish green and is canescent. The under surface is 
grayish green and canescent. The flowers are solitary or clus- 
tered. The solitary flowers have a calyx of five sepals, a corolla 
of five yellow petals, an andrvecium of thirty stamens, a gyncecium 
of one pistil with a 3-celled ovary, one style and a capitate stigma. 
The clustered flowers have a calyx of five sepals, no corolla 
(apetalous), an andrcecium of four stamens, a gyncecium of one 
pistil with a 3-celled ovary, one style, and a clavate stigma. The 
fruit is a three-celled capsule with numerous reticulate seeds. The 
odor is slight. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, wax, tannin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Pluidextractum Helianthemi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



299 




CENTAURIUM 

1, Plants with flower clusters. 2, Separate flower cluster. 
3, Two flowers. 4, Opposite leaves. 



300 



^^H 



CENTAURIUM (Centaur.) N. F. 

English name : Centaury. 

Synonyms: European Century Herb, Lesser Cen- 
taury. 

Botanical origin: Erythrcea Centaurium (Linne) Per- 
soon. (Fam. Gentianacece.) 

Part used : Dried flowering plant. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe. 

Description : 

Centaury occurs as small bundles of the entire herb, held together 
with a strand of grass. The largest herbs measure up to 2 cm. 
in length, the stems to 2 mm. in diameter. The nodes are dis- 
tinct. The leaves and stems are opposite. The internodes are of 
variable length. The texture is fibrous. The eo'or is light green. 
The surface is finely striated and winged. The fracture is fibrous. 
The outline is angled. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith 
is hollow. The leaves, which have no petiole, are sessile. The 
blade is tapering at the base. The margin is entire. The apex 
is acute. The outline varies from oval to lance-linear. The 
largest leaves measure up to 23 mm. in length and to 8 mm. in 
width. The upper surface is dark green. The under surface is 
light green and is usually three-nerved. The flowers occur in com- 
pound racemes. The individual flowers have short pedicles, a 
calyx of five-parted lobes, a corolla united below and expanded 
above into five lobes, an androzcium of five stamens, a gyncecium 
of two carpels. The fruit is a two-celled capsule. The odor is not 
characteristic. The taste is strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Bitter glucoside, volatile oil, resin, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Tinctura Amara ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



301 




/> 



Alexandria Senna, whole leaf, 250 to 500 lbs. Wooden case 
covered with heavy burlap. 

302 



CHAPTER IX 

HERBS 

IN the study of herbs the following must be con- 
sidered : Leaves, stems, flowers, and sometimes the 
fruits. 

LEAVES 

In the study of the leaves of herbs the following 
must be considered: (1) Occurrence; (2) petiole, 
length, width, and nature; (3) blade, base, margin, 
apex, outline, size, upper surface, under surface, tex- 
ture, odor, and taste. 

1. Occurrence. The leaves occur in the broken or 
entire condition. 

2. Petiole. The petioles vary greatly. In passi- 
flora they are short, in senecio they are long, etc. 

3. Blade, (a) The base of passiflora is rounded; 
of helianthemum, tapering; of senecio, cordate. (&) 
The margin in centaurium and in helianthemum is 
entire ; in verbena it is doubly serrate ; and in senecio 
it is lobed. Adonis and Pulsatilla have compound 
leaves, (c) The apex of senecio is rounded; of cen- 
taurium and helianthemum, acute ; of verbena, acumi- 
nate. (cZ) The outline of the divisions of adonis leaves 
is capillary; of centaurium, lanceo-linear ; verbena is 
oblong-lanceolate; that of many of the radicle leaves 
of senecio are orbicular, (e) The upper surface em- 
braces a study of the color, markings, and veins. The 
color varies from dark green, as in centaurium, to 
purplish green, as in verbena and senecio, to yellowish 
green, as in passiflora. No special markings occur 
on the leaves of the herbs. The veins are usually even 
with the surface. (/) The under surface varies in 
color from grayish green, as in verbena, to gray, as in 

303 



senecio. The markings are not diagnostic. The veins 
are elevated and usually characteristically arranged. 
In centaurium the three veins are very prominent. 
(g) The texture of all the leaves is papery, and they 
are very brittle, (h) The odor is so slight in the leaves 
of the herbs as to be uncharacteristic, (i) The taste 
in all cases is bitter. In adonis there is also a slight 
acrid taste. 

STEMS 

In the study of the stems of herbs the following 
must be considered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, 
internodes, texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, 
cortex, wood, and pith. 

1. Occurrence. Stems occur in the broken, cut, or 
entire condition. 

2. Size. The size of the stems of herbs varies from 
2 mm., as in centaurium, to 7 cm., as in verbena. 

3. Nature. The stems of herbs may be simple, as 
in Pulsatilla, or branched, as in centaurium. 

4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged and the 
branches may be alternate, one at a node, as in passi- 
flora ; or opposite, two at a node, as in centaurium. 

5. Internodes. A study of the internodes is not 
diagnostic. 

6. Texture. The texture of the stems of all the 
herbs is fibrous but not woody. 

7. Color. The stem of centaurium is light green; 
of helianthemum, grayish red; of verbena, purplish 
brown ; of senecio, grayish purple ; of passiflora, gray- 
ish or yellowish green; of adonis and Pulsatilla, 
purplish. 

8. Surface. The surface of helianthemum is canes- 
cent (hairy); of centaurium, winged; of verbena, 
channeled ; of passiflora, striated ; of adonis, sunken. 

9. Fracture. The fracture is usually uneven and 
of slight importance. 

304 






10. Outline. The outline of verbena is quadrangu- 
lar; of passiflora, cylindrical; of senecio, adonis, and 
Pulsatilla, irregular. 

11, 12, and 13. The study of the cortex, wood and 
pith is not important in the study of the stems of the 
official herbs. 



305 







VERBENA 

1, Mass of the cut herb. 2, Panicled spike of flowers. 3, 
Doubly serrate margin. 



306 






VERBENA (Verben.) N. F. 

English name : Verbena. 

Synonyms : Blue Vervain. 

Botanical origin: Verbena hastata Linne. (Fam. Ver- 
benacece.) 

Part used: Herb (overground portion). 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to 
Florida and New Mexico. 

Description : 

Verbena occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces of the herb. 
These pieces are of variable length and up to 7 cm. in diameter. 
The uncut stem is branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves 
and branches are opposite. The intemodes are variable in length. 
The texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purple. 
The surface is usually channeled on its four sides. The fracture 
is fibrous. The outline is quadrangular. The cortex is thicker at 
the angles. The wood is white. The pith is large, hollow and 
cylindrical. The petiole of the leaf measures up to 2 cm. The 
blade is rounded at the base. _ The margin is coarsely and doubly 
serrate; the inner teeth are smaller than the outer. The apex 
is acuminate or acute. The outline is mostly oblong-lanceolate. 
The upper surface is green or purplish green. The under surface 
is grayish green and the veins are prominent. The flowers occur 
in panicled spikes. Each flower is subtended by a subulate bract. 
The calyx is five-lobed. The corolla is usually blue or pink and 
five-lobed. The andrcecium consists of four stamens. The gynce- 
cium consists of one pistil with a four-celled ovary, one style, and 
two stigmas, but only one lobe is stigmatic. The fruit, consisting 
of four nutlets, is enclosed in the calyx. The odor of the plant 
is not characteristic. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents : Tannin and bitter principle. Not fully 
investigated. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Verbenae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



307 




SENECIO 

1, Leaf showing doubly dentate margin. 2, Small leaf. 
3, Lyrately pinnatifid leaf of the stem. 4. Flower. 5. 
Involucre bracts and receptacle. 6, Stem. 



308 



SENECIO (Sene.) N. F. 

English name : Senecio. 

Synonyms : Life-root, Golden Ragroot. 

Botanical origin: Senecio aureus Linne. (Fam. Com- 
positce. ) 

Part used : Dried overground portion. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida 
and Texas. 

Description : 

Senecio occurs as a mixture of the entire and broken pieces of 
the herb. The stems are branched. The nodes are distinct. The 
leaves and stems are alternate. The internodes are of variable 
length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies from yellow to 
grayish purple. The fracture is brittle. The outline is irregular. 
The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is hollow. There are 
two types of leaves, radical and stem. The radical leaves have 
petioles measuring up to 28 cm. The base is usually cordate. 
The margin is sharply and often doubly dentate. The apex is 
rounded. The outline is ovate or nearly orbicular. The upper 
surface varies from green to purplish green. The under surface 
is grayish, brownish, or purplish green, and the veins are promi- 
nent. The stem leaves are subtended by bracts, and they are 
sessile, lyrately pinnatifid. The flowers occur as heads arranged 
in corymbs. The peduncle is long. The involucre consists of two 
rows of bracts, the outer smaller, the inner larger and linear. 
The ray flowers are yellow and number up to twelve. The disk 
flowers are numerous and perfect. The receptacle is convex and 
non-scaly. The fruits are achenes, each of which has a white 
pappus. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and slightly 
pungent. 

Constituents : Acrid bitter principle and tannin. Not 
fully investigated. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Senecionis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



309 




PASSIFLORA 

1, Three-lobed leaf. 2, Coiled tendril. 3, Stem. 4, Fruit. 
5, Developing fruit. 6, Crown. 7, Flower. 



310 



PASSIFLORA (Passiflor.) N. F. 

English name : Passion Flower. 

Synonyms : Passion Vine. 

Botanical origin: Passiflora incarnata Linne. (Fam. 
Passiflor acece.) 

Part used : Herbage collected after some of the berries 
have matured. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat: Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Passion Flower Herb occurs as broken pieces. These pieces are 
of variable length. The stems are branched. The nodes are dis- 
tinct. The leaves and stems or scars are alternate. The inter- 
nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is 
grayish green. The surface is striated. The fracture is brittle. 
The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and wood are thin. The 
pith is hollow or solid. The leaves vary from three to five-lobed. 
The petioles measure up to 1 cm. At the point of union with 
the blade there are two glands. The Made is round or subcordate 
at the base and the margin is finely serrate. The apex of the 
lobes is acute. The outline is orbicular if the lobes are con- 
nected. The size is variable. The length is up to 12 cm., the 
width to 12 cm. The upper surface is dark green. The under 
surface is yellowish green and the veins are prominent. The 
pedicle of the flower is three-bracted. The flower has a calyx of 
five imbricated, cuspidate sepals, a corolla of five yellow petals, a 
purple crown, an andrcecium of five stamens with versatile anthers, 
and a gyncecium of one pistil with a three-parted style terminating 
in three club-shaped stigmas. The fruit is an indehiscent berry 
with numerous seeds. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
slightly bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloid (trace). Not fully investi- 
gated. 

Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Passiflorae; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 



311 




ADONIS 

1, Stem. 2, Stem covered with leaves. 3, Flowers. 5, Fruit. 



312 






ADONIS (Adonis) N. F. 

English name : Adonis. 

Synonyms: Pheasant's Eye, False Hellebore. 

Botanical origin: Adonis vernalis Linne. (Fam. Ra- 
nunculacece.) 

Part used: Dried overground portion, Herb. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia and Northern Europe. 

Description : 

Adonis occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
plant. The longest plants measure up to 25 cm. in length. They 
are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The internodes 
are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies 
from green to purplish green. The surface is striated longitudi- 
nally and sunken. The base is surrounded by numerous scales. 
The fracture is fibrous. The outline is irregular. The cortex and 
wood are thin, collapsed on the hollow pith. The leaves are com- 
pound. The petiole is short. The blade is pinnatifid; the ultimate 
segments capillary. The flowers are solitary and terminal. It 
has a calyx of five greenish gray sepals, a corolla of five to twenty 
yellowish petals, an androzcium of an indefinite number of sta- 
mens, and a gyncecium of an indefinite number of pistils. The 
fruit is capitate and consists of a great number of achenes. The 
odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Adonidin (glucoside), etc. 
Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Adonidis ; Dose, 0.125 mil (2 min.). 



313 







PULSATILLA-ANEMONE 

1, Many plumose achenes. 2, Small leaves. 3, Flower. 
4, Radical leaves. 

314 



PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. 
(1) Anemone Pulsatilla 

English name: Pulsatilla. 

Synonyms : Pasque Flower, Wind Flower. 

Botanical origin: Anemone Pulsatilla Linne. (Fam. 
Banunculacece.) 

Part used : Dried herb. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. 

Description : 

Anemone Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. 
The stems are present when the plant is in flower or fruit. They 
are simple. The texture is herbaceous. The color is grayish 
green. The surface is striated and hairy. The fracture is uneven. 
The outline is irregular. The cortex and wood are not distinct. 
The pith is white. The leaves, which are longer than broad, are 
all radical. The petioles are of variable length. The blade is 
twice pinnately compound and the divisions are narrowly linear 
(narrowest of the official varieties). The flowers are solitary, ter- 
minal and erect. The six sepals are twice the length of the sta- 
mens. The androecium consists of numerous stamens ; the gynce- 
cvum, of numerous plumose pistils which are longer than the 
stamens. The fruit is an achene with a persistent plumose style. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly acrid. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, 
anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. 

Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Pulsatillas; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 




PULSATILLA-EUROPEAN 



1, Plumose achenes. 2, Small leaves, 
stem. 5, Circle of radical leaves. 



3, Flower. 4, Cut 



316 






PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. 
(2) European Pulsatilla 

English name: Pulsatilla. 

Synonyms: European Pulsatilla, European Pasque 
Flower. 

Botanical origin: Anemone pratensis Linne. (Fam. 

RanunculacecB.) 

Part used : Dried herb. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Northern Asia. 

Description : 

European Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. 
The stem (flower stalk) is present only in fruiting and flowering 
specimens. These stems are simple and below the flower there are 
three palmately divided hairy bracts. The texture is herbaceous. 
The color is grayish purple. The surface is finely striated and 
hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is irregular. The 
cortex and wood are thin. The pith is small. The leaves are 
longer than broad. The petioles are usually purple and they are 
hairy and of variable length. The Made is twice pinnately com- 
pound. The divisions are linear (broader than in A. Pulsatilla 
but narrower than in A. Ludoviciana). The flowers are terminal, 
solitary, nodding, bell-shaped and dark violet. The six sepals are 
turned back at the tip and their length is not twice that of the 
stamens. The andrcecium consists of numerous stamens. The 
gyncecium of numerous plumose pistils. The fruit is an achene 
with a persistent plumose style. The odor is not distinct. The 
taste is slightly acrid. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, 
anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. 

Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Pulsatilla;; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



317 







PULSATILLA— AMERICAN 

1, Plumose achenes. 2, Closed flower. 3, Open flower. 
318 



^^ 



PULSATILLA (Pulsatil.) N. F. 
(3) American Pulsatilla 

English name: Pulsatilla. 

Synonyms : American Pulsatilla, Prairie Anemone. 

Botanical origin: Anemone Ludoviciana (Nuttall) 
Heller. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) 

Part used: Herb. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: British Columbia, Nebraska south to Texas. 

Description : 

American Pulsatilla occurs as entire or broken pieces of the herb. 
The stems are present only when the plant is in flower or fruit. 
The stems are simple and just below the flower stalks there are 
three palmately divided hairy bracts. These bracts are best seen 
in the fruiting specimen. The texture is herbaceous. The color 
is grayish or purplish green. The surface is finely striated and 
hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is irregular. The 
cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and frequently hollow. 
The leaves are broader than long and all are radical. The 
petioles are usually purple and they measure 35 cm. or less in 
length. The blade is palmate — pinnately compound; the divisions 
measure 6 mm. or less in width (broadest of the official varieties). 
The flowers are solitary, terminal and erect. The five-seven purple 
sepals are twice as long as the stamens. The andrcecium consists 
of numerous stamens. The gyncecium consists of numerous plu- 
mose pistils. The fruit is an achene with a persistent plumose 
style. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly acrid. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, 
anemonin ( Pulsatilla camphor), etc. 

Dose: 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Pulsatilla; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



319 



^6 




Stramonium Leaves, 
iron bands. 



450 lbs. In burlap packing, held by 
320 



-^ 



I 



CHAPTER X 

LEAVES AND FLOWERING TOPS 

N the study of herbs the following must be consid- 
ered : Leaves, stems and flowers. 

LEAVES 



In the study of leaves the following must be consid- 
ered: Occurrence: petiole,— length, width and na- 
ture; blade,— base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper 
surface, under surface, texture, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Leaves occur either in broken or in 
entire condition. 

2. Petiole. The petiole may be short and slender, 
as in spearmint, or short and thick, as in belladonna, 
or long and slender, as in melilotus, or long and thick, 
as in stramonium. 

3. Blade, (a) The base may be truncate, as in 
melilotus; or rounded, as in peppermint, spearmint 
and thyme ; or inequilateral, as in henbane ; or taper- 
ing, as in belladonna and lobelia; or cordate, as in 
catnep. (&) The margin of belladonna, thyme and 
galega is entire. In peppermint, spearmint, melilotus 
and grindelia it is serrate. In catnep, lobelia and 
eupatorium the margin is crenate. In hyoscyamus the 
margin is lobed. In absinthium and cannabis the mar- 
gin is divided, (c) The apex of melilotus is truncate or 
notched. The divisions of absinthium leaf are obtuse ; 
of henbane, eupatorium, cataria, lobelia, spearmint, 
peppermint and thyme, acute; of galega, mucronate. 
{d) The outline of thyme is linear-lanceolate; of 
spearmint, oblong-lanceolate; of melilotus, oblong- 
oval; of belladonna, ovate-lanceolate, (e) The upper 
surface embraces the color, the markings and the 
veins. The color is in most cases dark green. In 

321 



henbane it is yellowish green ; in belladonna, yellowish 
brown. In most leaves the surface is dull, but in the 
grindelia species the surface is shiny, because of a 
layer of resin. Thyme has numerous pits or oil cavi- 
ties; in belladonna there are numerous holes which 
extend from the upper to the lower surface of the leaf. 
The veins are usually on a level with the surface of the 
leaf tissues. (/) The under surface is usually higher 
colored than the upper; grayish green is the prevail- 
ing color. In catnep and eupatorium the under sur- 
face is hairy. Many of the other leaves have hairs, 
but they are not macroscopic, (g) The texture of the 
leaves from the flowering tops is almost without ex- 
ception thin and papery, and they are very brittle. 
(h) Odor. Belladonna and henbane have a narcotic 
odor. Thyme, peppermint, spearmint, ■ eupatorium, 
absinthium and grindelia species have an aromatic 
odor, (i) Taste. Thyme, spearmint, peppermint, 
eupatorium, absinthium and the grindelia species have 
a pungent taste. Absinthium, eupatorium, henbane 
and belladonna have a bitter taste. 

STEMS 

In the study of stems, the following must be con- 
sidered: Occurrence, size, nature, nodes, internodes, 
texture, color, surface, fracture, outline, cortex, wood 
and pith. 

1. Occurrence. The stems occur in the broken or 
cut condition. 

2. Size. The size varies from 0.5 mm., as in thy- 
mus, to 7 mm., as in henbane. 

3. Nature. The stems are simple or branched. 

4. Nodes. The nodes are usually enlarged, and the 
branches from them may be alternate (one at a node) 
or opposite (two at a node). 

5. Internodes. The internodes may be short or 
long, but in most cases they are of variable length and 
unimportant. 

6. Texture. The texture of the stems of thyme is 

322 






fibrous and woody, but in the stems found in the other 
drugs the texture is fibrous and non-woody. 

7. Color. The color of the stems varies from green 
to purple to brown to gray. 

8. Surface. The surface of peppermint, spearmint 
and catnep is channeled; of lobelia, slightly chan- 
neled; absinthium, cannabis and eupatorium are 
striated; henbane is sunken; absinthium, cannabis, 
eupatorium and lobelia are hairy. 

9. Fracture. The fracture of thyme stem is hackly ; 
other stems have an uneven fracture. 

10. Outline. The outline of peppermint, spear- 
mint and catnip is quadrangular; of cannabis, ab- 
sinthium, eupatorium and the grindelias, cylindrical; 
of henbane, sunken. 

11. 12, 13. The study of the cortex, wood and pith 
is not diagnostic. 



323 




THYMUS 

1, Mass of leaves and flowers. 2, Tops of the plant. 3, 
Flowers. 



324 



THYMUS N. F. 

English name: Thyme. 

Synonyms : Garden Thyme, Common Thyme. 

Botanical origin: Thymus vulgaris Linne. (Fam. 
Labiatce.) 

Part used : Dried tops. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. 

HabitaJ : Southern Europe ; cultivated. 

Description : 

Thyme occurs as broken pieces of the flowering tops, or as a mix- 
ture of leaves and flowers. The stems are variable in length and 
diameter. The stems are simple or branched. The nodes are en- 
larged. The leaves and branches are opposite. The internodes 
are variable in length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies 
from gray to purplish brown. The surface is pubescent. The 
fracture is tough. The outline of the larger stems is nearly 
cylindrical, of the smaller stems quadrangular. The cortex is thin 
and the wood is thick and fibrous. The pith is small and central. 
The leaves are sessile; the petiole measures up to 2 mm. in length. 
The blade is slightly rounded and it tapers into the short petiole. 
The margin is entire and revolute. The apex is acute. The out- 
line varies from linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. The blade 
measures up to 8 mm. in length and to 2 mm. in diameter. The 
upper surface is grayish green and hairy and pitted. The under 
surface is gray and hairy and pitted. The flowers are arranged 
in axillary or terminal clusters. The calyx is united below into a 
tube, free above; the four lobes are subulate. The corolla is united 
below, free above, and bilabiate; three lobes are short and small, 
and one lobe is large and emarginate. The androecium consists 
of four exserted stamens. The gynaecium consists of one pistil 
with a four-celled ovary and one curved exserted two-parted style. 
The fruit consists of four nutlets enclosed in a persistent calyx. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and warming. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, tannin, resin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Thvmi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Oleum Thymi U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



325 




BELLADONNA FOLIA 

1, Perforated leaf. 2, Flower. 3, Five stamens. 4. Fruit. 
5, Upper and under surface of the fruit. 6, Five-cleft 
calyx. 



326 



^^ 



BELLADONNA FOLIA (Bellad. Fol.) U. S. P. 

English name : Belladonna Leaves. 

Synonyms: Deadly Nightshade Leaves, Belladonnae 
folium P. I. 

Botanical origin: Atropa Belladonna Linne. (Fam. 
SolanacecB.) 

Part used : Dried leaves and tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.3 per cent, of total alkaloids. 

Ash : Not more than 20 per cent. 

Habitat: Central Asia and Central Europe ; cultivated j 
in United States. 

Description : 

Belladonna Leaves occur as a mixture of broken pieces of leaves 
and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 25 cm. in length 
and to 12 mm. in diameter. They are simple or branched. The 
nodes are distinct. The leaves and branches are opposite. The 
internodea are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The 
color varies from green to brownish green. The surface is smooth 
and sunken. The fracture is brittle. The outline is irregular. 
The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large. The leaves 
have petioles up to 4.5 cm. in length. The base is tapering and 
narrows into the petiole, or is slightly cordate. The margin is 
entire. The apex is acute. The outline varies from broadly to 
narrowly ovate-lanceolate. They measure up to 27 cm. in length 
and the blade up to 11.7 cm. in width. The upper surface is 
greenish or yellowish brown, and it usually has several holes of 
variable size. The under surface is light yellowish or grayish 
brown, and the veins are prominent. The flowers are axillary. 
The pedicles measure up to 2.5 cm. The calyx is deeply five-cleft; 
the divisions are acute. The corolla is campanulate and five- 
lobed. The androecium consists of five stamens. The yyncecium 
consists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and an exserted 
style. The fruit is-a two-celled berry. The seeds are small and 
reticulate. The odor is narcotic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Starch, albumin, alkaloids (atropine, 
hyoscyamine, scopolamine, belladonnine, . etc.), 
chlorophyl, wax, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Preparations : 

Emplastrum Belladonnae (from extract). 

Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum; Dose, 0.015 Gm. ( \i grain). 

Linimentum Belladonna 1 (from fluidextract). 

Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 

Unguentum Belladonnas (from extract). 



327 




GALEGA 

1, Compound leaf. 2, Small leaves. 3, Flower cluster and, 
just below, five fruits. 



328 



GALEGA (Galeg.) N. F. 

English name : Galega. 

Synonyms: European Goat's Rue. 

Botanical origin: Galega officinalis Linne. (Fam, 
Leguminosce. ) 

Part used: Flowering tops. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat : Mediterranean region to Central Europe. 

Description : 

Galega occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering tops. 
The stems measure up to 2.5 dm. in length and to 4 mm. in 
diameter. The stems are usually branched. The nodes are dis- 
tinct. The leaves and branches are alternate. The internodes are 
of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is greenish 
yellow. The surface is striated. The fracture is uneven. The 
outline is oblong. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith 
is hollow. The leaves have petioles which measure up to 2.5 cm. 
in length. The blade is compound, and is divided into six to eight 
pairs of leaflets and terminates in one (odd) leaflet. The base 
of the leaflets is tapering and rounded. The margin is entire. 
The apex is mucronate. The outline varies from ovate-lanceolate 
to oblong-lanceolate. The leaflets measure up to 4 cm. in length 
and to 11 mm. in diameter. The upper and under surfaces are 
yellowish green and distinctly, finely parallel-veined. The flowers 
are arranged in racemes, and they are papilionaceous. The bracts 
are subulate. The pedicles measure up to 5 mm. The calyx is 
tubular-spreading; the free portion terminates in five subulate 
lobes. The corolla consists of five petals. The keel is formed of 
two coherent petals. The wings are of equal size. The standard 
is large. The androscium consists of five stamens. The gynce- 
cium consists of one pistil. The fruit is a legume. 

Constituents: Bitter principle and tannin. Not fully 
investigated. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Galegse; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



329 




MENTHA PIPERITA 

1, Stem, leaves and flowers. 2, Petiole. 3, Sharply serrate 
margin. 4. Acute apex. 5, Flower. 6, Flower spike. 



330 



"^M 



MENTHA PIPERITA (Menth. Pip.) U. S. P. 

English name : Peppermint. 

Synonyms : Brandy Mint, Lamb Mint. 

Botanical origin : Mentha piperita Linne, (Fam. La- 
biatw.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in North America, Nova 
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Ala- 
bama ; cultivated in Japan and United States. 

Description : 

Peppermint occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
flowering tops with detached and entire and broken leaves. The 
stems are simple or branched. They measure up to 9.5 cm. in 
length and to 3.3 cm. in width. The nodes are enlarged. The 
leaves are opposite. The internodes are of variable length. The 
texture is fibrous. The color varies from green to purple. The 
surface is striated longitudinally and channeled on its four sides. 
The fracture is tough and incomplete. The outline is quadrangu- 
lar. The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white, large, and 
solid or hollow. The petiole of the leaves measures up to 15 mm. 
The blade is rounded at the base and tapers slightly into the 
petiole. The margin is sharply serrate. The apex is acute. The 
outline varies from ovate to ovate-lanceolate. The blade measures 
up to 7.5 cm. in length and to 32 mm. in width. The upper sur- 
face varies in color from yellowish green to purple, and the veins 
are slightly depressed. The under surface is light green, and the 
* veins are more prominent. The flowers are arranged in dense, 
broad, interrupted spikes. The bracts are lanceolate. The calyx 
is campanulate; its five teeth are subulate. The corolla is united 
and tubular below, four-lobed above; its color varies from light to 
dark purple. The androecium consists of four stamens of equal 
length. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four-celled 
ovary and a two-parted style. The fruit consists of four nutlets 
enclosed in the persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste 
is pungent and finally cooling. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, chlorophyl, tannin, resin, 
gum, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). 

Preparations : 

Aqua Menthae Piperita? (from oil) ; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Oleum Mentha} Piperita?; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 
Spiritus Mentha; Piperita;; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



331 




MENTHA VIRIDIS 

1, Short petiole. 2, Serrate margin. 3. Acute apex. 4, 
Prominent vein on the under surface. 5, Single spike of 
flowers. 6, Panicled spike of flowers. 



332 



MENTHA VIRIDIS (Menth. Vir.) U. S. P. 

English name : Spearmint. 

Synonyms : Mint, Brown or Garden Mint. 

Botanical origin: Mentha spicata Linne (Mentha viri- 
dis Liime). (Fam. Labiatce.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized in North America, 
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and 
Kansas. 

Description : 

Spearmint occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
flowering tops with detached and entire and broken leaves. The 
stems measure up to 40 cm. in length and to 4 mm. in diameter. 
The nodes are enlarged. The leaves are opposite. The internodes 
are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color varies 
from green to purplish green. The surface is striated longitudi- 
nally and channeled on its four sides. The fracture is tough and 
incomplete. The outline is quadrangular. The cortex and wood 
are thin. The pith is large and white. The leaves are sessile 
above and petioled below. The petiole measures up to 5 mm. in 
length. The blade is rounded and slightly inequilateral at the 
base. The margin is sharply serrate ; the teeth are usually of 
unequal length and more abundant near the apex. The apex is 
usually acute. The outline varies from ovate-lanceolate to oblong- 
lanceolate. The leaves measure up to 7.5 cm. in length and the 
blade up to 2.5 cm. in diameter. The upper surface is greenish 
yellow and green, and the veins are distinct. The under surface 
is grayish green, and the veins are distinct. The flowers are 
arranged in long, narrow, acute interrupted spikes. The bracts 
are lanceolate. The calyx is united into a tube below, free above, 
and the five teeth are subulate. The corolla is united and tubular 
below, four-lobed above; it has three short and one long emargi- 
nate light purple lobes. The androzcium consists of four stamens 
of equal length. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four- 
celled ovary and a two-parted style. The fruit consists of four 
nutlets enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is persistently 
aromatic. The taste is pungent, but not cooling. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, chlorophyl, resin, 
gum, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (60 grains). 

Preparations : 

Aqua Menthae Viridis (from oil) ; Dose. IS mils (4 fl. drs.). 

Oleum Menthae Viridis; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 

Spiritus Menthae Viridis (from oil) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



333 




MELILOTUS 

1, Cluster of young leaves. 2, Leaves of the flowering 
stalk. 3, Raceme of flowers. 4, Raceme of short hairy pods. 



334 



MELILOTUS (Melilot.) N. F. 

English name : Melilot. 

Synonyms : Yellow Sweet Clover, Yellow Melilot. 

Botanical origin: Melilotus officinalis (Linne) La- 
marck. (Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized throughout southern 
Canada and United States. 

Description : 

Melilot occurs as a mixture of broken and cut pieces of the leaves 
and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 6 dm. in length and 
up to 8 mm. in diameter. The stems are branched or simple. The 
nodes are prominent. The leaves and stems are alternate. The in- 
ternodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color 
varies from light green to greenish purple. The surface is striated 
and winged. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is angled. The 
cortex is thin and green. The wood is yellow. The pith is large 
and hollow. The leaves are trifoliate. The petiole measures up to 
2.3 cm. in length. The leaflets have petioles up to 1 mm. in length. 
The blades are tapering or cuneate at the base. The margin is 
sharply serrate. The apex is notched, truncate, or rounded. The 
outline varies from narrowly oblong to oval to obovate. The 
blades of the flowering branches measure up to 24 mm. in length 
and up to 5 mm. in width ; those of the young, non-flowering 
branches measure up to 28 mm. in length and up to 14 mm. in 
width. The upper surface varies from dark to yellowish green. 
The under surface is grayish green. The veins are distinct on 
both surfaces ; the branches of the midvein terminate in a tooth. 
The flowers occur in racemes. The pedicles measure up to 2 mm. 
The calyx is campanulate ; the five lobes are subulate and shorter 
than the tube. The corolla is papilionaceous. The standard is 
broad and erect. The wings are narrower than the standard, and 
the keel is shorter and obtuse. The androecium consists of 10 
stamens in two groups. The gynoecium consists of one pistil with 
a one-celled ovary J»nd a long: slender style. The fruit is a short, 
thick, globose hairy pod, with the persistent base of the style. 

Constituents: Cumarin, resin, acid, volatile oil, etc. 
Preparations : 

None. 



335 




GRINDELIA CAMPORUM 

1, Leaf with serrate margin and acute apex. 2, In- 
volucre with overlapping recurved bracts. 3, Circle of 
ray flowers. 

336 






GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. 

(1) Grindelia Camporum 

English name : Grindelia. 

Synonyms : Gum Plant. 

Botanical origin: Grindelia camporum Greene. (Fam. 
Compositce.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: California. 

Description : 

Grindelia camporum occurs as broken and entire pieces of the 
leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 30 cm. in 
length and to 2 cm. in diameter. They are branched. The nodes 
are small. The leaves and branches are alternate. The inter- 
nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color 
is pinkish yellow. The surface is striated. The fracture is 
fibrous. The outline is nearly cylindrical. The cortex and wood 
are thin, the pith is large. The leaves are sessile and clasping. 
The base of the blade is subcordate. The margin is serrate and 
the teeth are irregularly placed. The apex is acute. The outline 
of the basal leaves is oblong-spatulate, of the upper leaves oblong. 
The blade measures 6.2 cm. or less in length and 15 mm. or less 
in width, the narrowest part frequently being in the middle of the 
length. The upper surface is pale bright green, resinous and 
shiny, and the veins are even with the surface. The under sur- 
face is lighter and the veins are elevated and indistinct near the 
apex. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts sub- 
tending each flower are entire, clasping and linear-lanceolate. 
The involucre is 24 mm. or less in width. The bracts are long, 
linear and the tips are recurved. All parts of the involucre are 
resinous. The ray flowers are pistillate, orange brown and ligu- 
late. The disk flowers are light yellow and perfect. The dish 
achenes are angled, compressed and biauriculate. The odor is 
slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, 
etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Grindelia?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



337 




GRINDELIA CUNEIFOLIA 

1, Portion of the root. 2, Large basal leaf. 3, Small 
stem leaf. 4, Involucre. 5, Ray flowers. 

338 



GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. 
(2) Grindelia Cuneifolia 

English name : Grindelia. 

Synonyms : None in common use. 

Botanical origin: Grindelia cuneifolia Nuttall. (Fam. 
Compositce. ) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Rocky Mountains, Mexico and California. 

Description : 

Grindelia cuneifolia occurs as entire and broken pieces of the 
leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 35 cm. in 
length and to 2 mm. in diameter, and they are branched. The 
nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and branches are alter- 
nate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is 
fibrous. The color varies from pink to purplish brown. The sur- 
face is finely striated. The fracture is uneven. The outline is 
nearly cylindrical. The leaves are sessile and clasping. The blade 
is subcordate at the base. The margin is entire below, serrate 
above and the entire margin is ciliate. The apex is acute. The 
outline is oblong. The blade measures 9.7 cm. or less in length 
and 27 mm. or less in width. The upper surface is light green, 
pitted and slightly impressed. The under surface is free of resin 
and it is slightly wrinkled, and the veins are broad, purple and 
elevated. The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts sub- 
tending the flowers are entire, clasping and recurved. The invo- 
lucre is 28 mm. or less in width. The bracts are resinous, imbri- 
cate, and the tips are green and recurved. The ray) flowers are 
yellowish, ligulate and pistillate. The disk flowers are yellow and 
perfect. The disk achenes are dentate and auriculate and com- 
pressed. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and 
bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, 
etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 



339 




GRINDELIA SQUARROSA 

1, Leaf of the stem. 2, Involucre. 3, Ray flowers. 
340 



GRINDELIA (Grindel.) U. S. P. 

(3) Grrindelia Squarrosa 



English name : Grindelia. 

Synonyms : Broad-leaved Gum Plant. 

Botanical origin: Grindelia squarrosa (Purshi) 
Dunal. 

Part used : Dried leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Minnesota to Manitoba, south to Missouri 
and Texas. 

Description : 

Grindelia squarrosa occurs as entire and broken pieces of the 
leaves and flowering tops. The sterns measure up to 30 cm. in 
length and to 2 mm. in diameter, and they are branched. The 
nodes are slightly enlarged. The leaves and branches are alter- 
nate. The leaves occur at more frequent intervals than in the 
Nos. 1 and 2. The internodes are only short distances apart. 
The texture is fibrous. The color varies from grayish to yellowish. 
The surface is striated. The fracture is uneven. The outline is 
nearly cylindrical. The leaves are sessile and clasping. The blade 
is subcordate at the base. The margin is dentate. The apex is 
obtuse. The outline is oblong. The blade measures 4.5 cm. or 
less in length and 15 mm. or less in diameter. The upper surface 
is grayish green and the veins are not prominent. The under 
surface is pellucid-punctate and the veins are slightly elevated. 
The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The bracts subtending the 
flowers are very small and they resemble the leaves. The involucre 
is 0.5 mm. or less in width and its bracts are linear-lanceolate, 
the tip subulate and recurved. The ray flowers are yellowish, 
ligulate and pistillate. The disk flowers are yellowish and perfect. 
The disk achenes are four-angled and without a border above. 
The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, saponin, grindelin, 
etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 



Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Grindelise: 



Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



341 




LOBELIA 



1, Channeled and winged stems. 2, Mass of leaves, fruits 
and stems. 3, Inflated calyx. 4, Three types of leaves. 
5, Raceme of flowers. 



342 



LOBELIA (Lobel.) U. S. P. 

English name : Lobelia. 

Synonyms: Indian Tobacco, Lobelia Herb, Puke- 
weed. 

Botanical origin: Lobelia inflata Linne. (Fam. Lo- 
beliacece.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Canada and the United States, south to 
Georgia and Arkansas. 

Description : 

Lobelia occurs as entire and broken pieces of the leaves and 
flowering tops. The stems measure up to 40 cm. in length and to 
8 mm. in diameter. They are usually branched. The nodes are 
prominent. The leaves and branches are alternate. The inter- 
nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color 
varies from green to purple. The surface is channeled, winged 
and hirsute. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is angled. The 
cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and white. The 
bores have petioles that measure up to 2 mm., or they are sessile. 
The blade is rounded or tapering at the base. The margin is 
crenate. The apex is obtuse or acute. The outline is ovate-oval 
or oblong-oval. The blade measures up to 5.5 cm. in length and 
up to 27 mm. in diameter. The upper surface varies in color 
from green to purple and the veins are impressed. The under 
surface varies in color from green to yellow to purple and the 
veins are prominent. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The 
bracts subtending each flower are ovate or ovate-lanceolate. The 
pedicles are slender and they measure up to 5 mm. The calyx is 
united and tubular below; the free portion terminates in five 
subulate teeth. The corolla is united below; the free portion ter- 
■ minates in five acute lobes. The androecium consists of five sta- 
mens; their anthers are united and enclose the Style. The //"//"- 
Hum consists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and a two-parted 
stigma. The fruit is a two-celled capsule with numerous reticulate 
seeds. The odor is not characteristic. The taste is strongly acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloid (lobeline), gum, resin, fixed 
and volatile oils, etc. 

Dose: 0.15 Gm. (2% grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Lobelia; Dose. 0.15 mil (2^ min.). 
Tinctura Lobelia? ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



?A?> 




CATARIA 

1, Upper surface of the crenate margined leaf. 2, Under 
surface showing the venation. 3, Spike of flowers. 4, 
Seeds. 5, Flowers. 



344 



C ATARI A (Catar.) N. F. 

English name: Catnep. 

Synonyms: Catmint, Catnip. 

Botanical origin: Nepeta Cataria Linne. (Fam. La- 
biates. ) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized in North America, from 
New Brunswick south to Georgia and Kansas. 

Description : 

Oatnep occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
leaves and flowering tops. The stems measure up to 6 dm. in 
length and to 8 mm. in diameter. They are simple and 
branched. The nodes are enlarged. The leaves are opposite. The 
internodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The 
color is grayish green. The surface is hairy and channeled on its 
four sides. The fracture is fibrous. The outline is quadrangular. 
The cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large, solid or hollow. 
The petioles of the leaves measure up to 4 cm. in length. The 
blade of the larger leaves is cordate, of the smaller upper leaves 
rounded. The margin is coarsely crenate. The apex is acute. 
The outline varies from ovate to triangular-ovate. The leaves 
measure up to 15 cm. in length and the blades to 5.6 cm. in 
width. The upper surface varies from green to yellowish green 
and the veins are distinct. The under surface is grayish green ; 
the veins are prominent and hairy. The flowers are arranged in 
axillary or terminal spikes. The calyx is united, tubular below, 
indistinctly two-lipped, and five-toothed. The corolla is bilabiate 
and spotted. The androecium consists of four stems, two short 
and two long. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a four- 
celled ovary and a two-cleft style. The fruit consists of four 
nutlets enclosed in the persistent calyx. The taste is aromatic. 
The odor is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, wax, gum, tan- 
nin, sugar, bitter principle, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Catariae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



345 



EUPATORIUM 

1, Portion of the stem with loaves and flowers. 2. Under 
surface of the leaf. 3, Upper surface of the leaf. 4. Head 
of flowers. 5, Single flower and, to the left, a fruit. 

346 



EUPATORIUM (Eupator.) N. F. 

English name : Eupatorium. 

Synonyms: Boneset, Thoroughwort. 

Botanical origin: Eupatorium perfoliatum Linne. 
(Fam. Compositce.) 

Part used: Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Flor- 
ida and Texas. 

Description : 

Eupatorium occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering 
tops. The stems measure up to 6 mm. in diameter. They are 
simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves are oppo- 
site ; the pairs on the lower portions of the stems unite at their 
bases, forming connate-perfoliate leaves. The internod.es are of 
variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is yellowish 
green. The surface is longitudinally striated and hairy. The 
fracture is fibrous. The outline is cylindrical and wavy. The 
cortex and wood are thin. The pith is large and white. The 
leaves are sessile. The blade is connate or cordate at the base. 
The margin is crenate. The apex is narrowly acuminate. Th« j 
outline is lanceolate-acuminate. The blades of the leaves measure 
up to 20 dm. in length and to 4.5 cm. in width. The upper sur- 
face varies in color from green to yellowish green. The under 
surface is yellowish green and hairy, and has numerous yellow, 
shiny, minute, glandular hairs. The veins are yellowish white. 
The flowers are arranged in corymbs. The involucre consists of 
two or three series of lanceolate imbricated greenish gray bracts. 
Xo ray flowers are present. The disk flowers are perfect. The 
fruit is a five-angled achene with a persistent pappus in one row. 
The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resin, coloring mat- 
ter, wax, glucoside (eupatorin), etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Eupatorii; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 



347 




HYOSCYAMUS 

1, Leaf from the lower part of the stem. 2, Upper stem 
leaves. 3, Leaf bract subtending the flower and fruit. 4. 
Two-celled pyxis. 5, Flowers. 6, Persistent five-toothed 
calyx inclosing the fruit. 



348 



HYOSCYAMUS (Hyos.) U. S. P. 

English name : Hyoscyamus. 

Synonyms : Henbane, Hyoscyami folium P. I. 

Botanical origin: Hyoscyamus niger Linne. (Fam. 
Solanacece.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering or fruiting tops. 

Impurities: None given. 

Assay: Not less than 0.065 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash : Not more than 30 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and parts of Asia; cultivated in 
United States. 

Description : 

Hyoscyamus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the leaves and flowering tops, adhering in masses. The stems 
measure up to 20 cm. in length and to 4 cm. in diameter. They 
are simple or branched. The nodes are distinct. The leaves and 
branches are alternate. The internodes are variable in length. 
The texture is fibrous. The color varies from gray to brownish 
green. The surface is rough, hairy and sunken. The fracture is 
brittle. The outline is irregular. The cortex is green and thin. 
The wood is thin. The pith is hollow. The leaves have petioles 
up to 30 cm. in length. The upper leaves are sessile. The blade 
is inequilateral at the base. The margin has from one to six 
acute-angled lobes or teeth. The apex is acute. The outline is 
ovate or oblong. The leaves measure up to 26 cm. in length and 
the blade up to 28 cm. in width. The upper surface varies in 
color from dark green to yellowish green. The under surface is 
grayish green and hairy. The midvein is broad and yellowish on 
both surfaces ; the branches are small and curve upward and out- 
ward toward the teeth or lobes. The flowers are in spikes or 
racemes. The pedicle measures up to 3 mm. The calyx is urn- 
shaped and five-toothed above. The corolla is yellow-spotted and 
campanulate; the five lobes are rounded and prominently veined. 
The androzcium consists of five stamens. The yyncecium con- 
sists of one pistil with a two-celled ovary and one style. The 
fruit is a two-celled pyxis. The seeds are small, biconcave and 
reticulate. The odor is narcotic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (hyoscyamine, hyoscine), 
resin, fixed oil, choline, etc. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Hyoscyami; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Fluidextractum Hyoscyami; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 
Oleum Hyoscyami Compositum N. F. (for external use). 
Tinctura Hyoscyami; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



349 



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ABSINTHIUM 



1, Mass of leaves and stems. 2. Large stem, 
nound leaf. 4, Panieled raceme of heads. 



3. Coui- 



350 



ABSINTHIUM (Absinth.) N. F. 

English name : Absinthium. 

Synonyms : Wormwood. 

Botanical origin: Artemisia Absinthium Linne. 
(Fam. CompositcE.) 

Part used : Leaves and flowering tops. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign mat- 
ter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia, and Africa. Natu- 
ralized in the Northeastern United States. 

Description : 

Absinthium occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flowering 
tops. The stems measure up to 30 cm. in length and to 6 mm. 
in diameter. They are simple or branched. The nodes are dis- 
tinct. The leaves are alternate. The internodes are of variable 
length. The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish and yellow- 
ish green. The surface is canescent. The fracture is fibrous. 
The outline is cylindrical. The cortex and wood are thin. The 
)>ith is hollow. The petioles of the leaves measure up to 2 cm. 
The upper leaves are frequently sessile. The blade is 1 to 3 
times pinnately divided; the ultimate divisions are oblong-lance- 
olate and obtuse. The margin is divided. The apex of the divi- 
sions is obtuse. The leaves measure up to 15 cm. in length and 
to 14 cm. in width. The upper surface is dark grayish green and 
canescent. The under surface is light grayish green and ca- 
nescent; and the midvein of each division is prominent. The 
flowers are in heads, arranged in panicled racemes. The peduncle 
is short. The involucre consists of several rows of imbricated 
bracts ; the outer ones are short and the inner have scarious mar- 
gins. No ray flowers are present. The disk flowers of the margin 
are pistillate. The fruits are striate and winged achenes, with a 
persistent disk. The receptacle is convex and pubescent. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principles, starch, 
tannin, succinic acid, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

None. 



351 




CANNABIS— AMERICAN 

1, Leaves, fruits and small stems. 2, Small branch with 
leaf-like bracts. 3, Part of a broad leaflet. 



352 



^ 



CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. 
(1) American Cannabis 

English name : Cannabis. 

Synonyms : American Cannabis. 

Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa Linne. (Fam. 
Moracece.) 

Part used : Flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of fruits or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : Biologically assayed. 

Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern United States. 

Description : 

American Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and 
flowering tops. The stems are of variable length and they must 
not measure more than 3 mm. in diameter. The drug of com- 
merce frequently has stems 6 mm. in diameter. They are branehed. 
The nodes are distinct. The branches are alternate. The inter- 
nodes are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color 
varies from light brown to brownish green. The surface is longi- 
tudinally furrowed and covered with short hairs. The fracture 
is uneven. The outline is wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. 
The pith is white and porous. The leaves are light green and 
have petioles which measure 6.5 cm. or less in length. The blade 
is palmately divided into nine or fewer leaflets. The leaflets are 
sessile. The base is tapering. The margin is sharply serrate. 
The apex is acuminate. The veins are pinnate, impressed above, 
elevated below. The flowers are arranged in short spikes on a 
peduncle which measures up to 12.5 cm. in length and is of variable 
width. The bracts or leaves subtending the spikes have (usually) 
three large and two small leaflets; the bracts subtending the 
individual flowers, three small leaflets. The flowers have a green- 
ish calyx. The gyncecium has one pistil with a reddish brown, 
filiform, two-parted style. The fruit is an achene enclosed by the 
persistent calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and 
resinous. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, 
sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). 
Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 
Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 



353 





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CANNABIS-AFRICAN 

1, Portion of a disk composed of the compressed drug. 2, 
Single stem with flowers, fruits and bracts. 3, Irregular 
fragment of the drug. 



354 



CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. 
(2) African Cannabis 

English name : Cannabis. 

Synonyms : African Cannabis. 

Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa, var. indica. (Fam. 
Moracece.) 

Part used : Flowering tops. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of fruits or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : Biologically assayed. 

Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. 

Habitat: Africa. 

Description : 

African Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and flower- 
ing tops. The stems are of variable length and they must not 
measure more than 3 mm. in diameter. They are branched. The 
nodes are distinct and the branches are alternate. The internodes 
are of variable length. The texture is fibrous. The color is 
greenish brown. The surface is longitudinally furrowed and short 
hairy. The fracture is uneven. The outline is wavy. The 
cortex and wood are thin. The pith is white and porous. The 
stem leaves are rarely present. The flowers are arranged in short 
spikes on a peduncle which rarely exceeds 7 cm. in length. The 
bracts subtending the spikes are divided into five linear leaflets. 
The bracts subtending the individual flowers usually have three 
minute leaflets. The flowers have a green calyx. The gyncecium 
consists of one pistil with a reddish brown two-parted filiform 
style. The fruit is an achene and is enclosed by the persistent 
calyx. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and resinous. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, 
sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). 
Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 
Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 



355 




CANNABIS-INDIAN 

1, Large resinous branch. 2, Seed. 3, Small branches 
without seed. 4, Larger branch. 



356 



^5 



CANNABIS (Cannab.) U. S. P. 
(3) Indian Cannabis 

English name : Cannabis. 

Synonyms: Indian Hemp, Guaza, Ganjah. 

Botanical origin: Cannabis sativa, var. indica. (Fam. 
Moracece.) 

Part used : Flowering tops. 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, fruits or other 
foreign matter. 

Assay: Biologically assayed. 

Ash : Not more than 15 per cent. 

Habitat: East Indies. 

Description : 

Indian Cannabis occurs as broken pieces of leaves and flowering 
tops. The stems vary in length and they must not exceed 3 mm. 
in diameter. They are branched. The nodes are distinct. The 
branches are alternate. The internodes are of variable length. 
The texture is fibrous. The color is grayish brown. The surface 
is longitudinally furrowed and short hairy. The fracture is 
uneven. The outline is wavy. The cortex and wood are thin. 
The pith is white and porous. Stem leaves are rarely present. 
The flowers are arranged in short broad spikes on a peduncle 
which rarely exceeds 7 cm. in length and which is frequently 4.5 
cm. wide. The bracts subtending the spikes and flowers are short 
and the leaflets vary from three to five. The flowers have a 
grayish green hairy calyx. The gyncecium consists of a single 
pistil with a reddish brown two-parted filiform style. The fruit 
is an achene and is enclosed by the persistent calyx. The odor is 
aromatic. The taste is pungent and resinous. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, gum, 
sugar, potassium nitrate, alkaloids, etc. 

Dose: 

Preparations : 

Extractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.01 Gm. (^s grain). 
Fluidextractum Cannabis; Dose, 0.1 mil (l 1 /^ min.). 
Tinctura Cannabis; Dose, 0.75 mil (12 min.). 



357 




POPULI GEMMJE- 
BALM OF GILEAD BUDS 

1, Overlapping scale of the bud. 2, Base of the bud. 3, 
Cross-section of the bud. 4, Longitudinal section of the 
bud. 5, A very large bud. 

358 






POPULI GEMlYLffi (Pop. Gem.) N. P. 

(1) Balm of Gilead Buds 

English name : Balsam Poplar Buds. 

Synonyms : Balm of Gilead Buds. 

Botanical origin: Populus balsamifera Linne. (Fam. 
Salicacece.) 

Part used: Leaf buds. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Northern North America, south to New York 
and Nevada. 

Description : 

Balm of Gilead Buds occur as solitary buds and agglutinated 
masses of buds. These buds are sessile. They measure up to 13 
mm. in width and up to 28 cm. in length. The buds are simple 
or clustered in twos, or in threes occasionally. The base is trun- 
cate or depressed. The margin has projecting points of scales. 
The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to ovate-lance- 
olate. The surface of the imbricated scales is smooth, and is cov- 
ered with a thin coat of sticky resin. The inner surface is more 
sticky than the outer. The scales enclose numerous undeveloped 
leaves. The color is reddish brown. The odor is balsamic. The 
taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, populin, salicin, resin, etc- 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

None. Enters into Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus. 



359 




POPULI GEMMiE -BLACK POPLAR BUDS 

1, Mass of buds. 2, Buds of different sizes. 3, Portion 
of the stem. 



360 



POPULI GEMMJE (Pop. Gem.) N. F. 

(2) Black Poplar Buds 

English name : Balsam Poplar Buds. 

Synonyms : Black Poplar Buds, Willow Poplar Buds. 

Botanical origin: Populus nigra Linne. (Fam. Sali- 
cacecs.) 

Part used : Leaf buds. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the Delaware River 
and Hudson River valleys and Staten Island. 

Description : 

Black Poplar Buds occur only as solitary buds and never as 
agglutinated masses. These buds are sessile or short-stalked. 
They measure up to 6 mm. in width and up to 15 mm. in length. 
The buds are simple or rarely clustered. The base is truncate. The 
margin has imbricated projecting scales. The apex is acuminate. 
The outline is lanceolate. The surface of the imbricated scales is 
smooth and free of sticky resin. The central scales are slightly 
sticky. The color varies from yellowish brown to blackish brown. 
The odor is balsamic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, populin, salicin, resin, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

None. Enters into Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus. 



361 



CHAPTER XI 

LEAVES 

IN the study of leaves the following must be con- 
sidered: Occurrence; petiole,— length, width, etc.; 
blade, — base, margin, apex, outline, size, upper sur- 
face, under surface, texture, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Leaves usually occur in a broken 
or partially broken condition, as in mullein; or as 
entire leaves, as in eucalyptus. 

2. Petiole. The petioles of leaves vary greatly in 
the different leaves. In damiana they are slender and 
short; in matico they are short and thick; in low 
mallow they are long and slender; in coltsfoot they 
are very long; some of the leaves have a maximum 
length of 5.5 dm. In mullein and digitalis the petiole 
is margined; in coltsfoot the petiole is channeled on 
the upper surface; in eucalyptus the petiole is fre- 
quently twisted; in coltsfoot and marshmallow leaves 
the petioles are hairy; in most of the leaves the 
petioles are glabrous (without hairs). 

3. Blade, (a) The base is cordate in matico, far- 
fara and low and high mallow; it is subcordate in 
marshmallow; rounded, as in boldo; cuneate, as in 
uva ursi and short buchu; tapering, as in digitalis, 
mullein, eriodictyon and long buchu. (b) The mar- 
gin in eucalyptus, mullein, matico, boldo and uva 
ursi is entire. In buchu, chimaphila, damiana, casta- 
nea and eriodictyon it is serrate; in digitalis, den- 
tate ; in hamamelis, crenate ; and in malvae folia, colts- 
foot, stramonium and menyanthes, lobed. (c) The 
apex of long buchu is truncate; of menyanthes and 
farfara, rounded or obtuse; of stramonium, althaea, 
digitalis, eriodictyon and short buchu, acute; in euca- 
lyptus, matico and castanea, acuminate, (d) The 
outline of long buchu is oblong-linear; of castanea, 

362 



oblong-lanceolate; of eucalyptus, falcate; of boldo, 
oval; of menyanthes, obovate; of low malva, rotund; 
and of farfara, reniform. (e) The upper surface in- 
cludes the consideration of the color, the markings 
and the veins. The color of the upper surface is 
usually dark green; exceptions occur, however, in a 
number of leaves : eucalyptus is bluish green ; eriodic- 
tyon is brown; short buchu is yellowish green. In 
most leaves this surface is dull, but in buchu, uva ursi 
and chimaphila the surface is shiny. Most of the 
leaves are not hairy, but mullein and althaea are very 
hairy or tomentose. The surface of eriodictyon is 
shiny from a coat of resin ; in matico it is elevated be- 
tween the veins ; in boldo it is papillose ; and in short 
buchu it is pellucid-punctate. The veins are usually 
not conspicuous on the upper surface. In boldo, 
chimaphila and althaea the veins are impressed. (/) 
The under surface of most leaves is lighter in color 
than the upper surface ; grayish green is the most com- 
mon color. In eucalyptus the surface is bluish green ; 
in short buchu, yellow; in coltsfoot, light gray; etc. 
In most leaves the under surface is dull and smooth ; 
in witch-hazel leaves it is very shiny; in mullein and 
althaea, densely hairy; in matico the hairs are more 
abundant on the veins; in damiana and malva the 
surface is only slightly hairy. The veins are usually 
elevated more on the under than on the upper surface, 
and in every leaf their arrangement must be noted. 
Refer to eucalyptus, to large pilocarpus and to casta- 
nea. (g) The texture of most leaves is thin and papery, 
and they are very brittle; in eucalyptus, castanea, 
witch-hazel, etc., the texture is leathery (coriaceous), 
and tough, (h) Odor. Most leaves are odorless, but 
stramonium has a narcotic odor ; eriodictyon, long and 
short buchu, matico and eucalyptus are aromatic. 
(i) Eriodictyon, long and short buchu, matico and 
eucalyptus have a pungent taste; chimaphila, castanea 
and uva ursi, an astringent taste ; mullein and malva 
leaves, a mucilaginous taste ; and menyanthes, farfara 
and digitalis, a bitter taste. 



:;r>.T 




EUCALYPTUS 

1, Upper surface of the leaf at the left; under surface 
at the right. 2, An older fruit with the lid removed. 3, 
Persistent stamen and a central style. 4, Lid of the fruit. 
5, Side view of a young fruit. 



364 



EUCALYPTUS (Eucalypt.) U. S. P. 

English name : Eucalyptus. 

Synonyms : Blue Gum Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardiere. 
(Fam. Myrtacem.) 

Part used: Leaves collected from older parts of the 
tree. 

Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of stems, fruits 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Australia ; cultivated in California and sub- 
tropics. 

Description : 

Eucalyptus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The 
petioles are twisted, and they measure up to 25 cm. in length. 
The blade is inequilateral, rounded, or tapering at the base. The 
margin is entire. The apex is acuminate or acute. The outline 
varies from falcate to oblong-lanceolate. The blade measures up to 
6 cm. in width and to 33 cm. in length. The upper surface and 
the lower surface vary in color from grayish to yellowish or to 
bluish green, and they are pellucid-punctate. The branches of 
the midvein unite into one vein, which occurs a short distance 
from and parallel to the margin of the leaf. The texture is cori- 
aceous. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, tannin, resins, eucalyptic 
acid, bitter principle, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Eucalypti; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Oleum Eucalypti; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



365 




VERBASCI FOLIA 

1, Petiole of leaf. 2, Smaller leaf, the surface tomentose. 
3, Very small leaf. 



366 



VERBASCI FOLIA (Verbasc. Fol.) N. F. 

English name : Mullein Leaves. 

Synonyms : Common Mullein, Velvet or Mullein Dock. 

Botanical origin: Verbascum Thapsus Linne and 
other species of Verbascum. (Fam. Scrophulari- 

acece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 14 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe ; naturalized in North America, south 
to Florida and Kansas. 

Description : 

Mullein Leaves occur as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the leaves. No petioles are present, although the constricted blade 
resembles a petiole. The blade is tapering at the base. The mar- 
gin is entire. The apex is acute or obtuse. The outline varies 
from oblong-lanceolate to ovate to oblong. The blades measure 36 
cm. or less in length and 12 cm. or less in width. The upper sur- 
face is tomentose, and it varies in color from yellowish to greenish 
gray; the veins are not seen on account of the long hairs. The 
under surface is similar to the upper surface. The texture is 
hairy. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter, mucilaginous 
and irritating on account of the hairs. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, wax, resin, tannin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Verbasci Folire; Dose, 4 mil (1 fl. dr.). 



367 




MATICO 

1, Folded leaf. 2, Under surface of the leaf. 3, Flower 
spike. 4, A piece of stem and, above, the upper surface 
of the leaf. 



368 



MATICO (Matic.) N. F. 

English name : Matico. 

Synonyms: Matico Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Piper angustifolium Ruiz et Pavon. 
(Fam. Piperacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of stems, flow- 
ers, spikes or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 18 per cent. 

Habitat : Mountains of Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. 

Description : 

Matico occurs as a mixture of entire, broken and folded leaves. 
The petioles are stout and they measure up to 6 mm. in length. 
Tne blade is inequilateral and cordate at the base. The margin is 
entire. The apex is acuminate. The outline is oblong-lanceolate. 
The blade measures up to 25 cm. in length and to 6 cm. in width. 
The upper surface is cancellate ; the veins are not distinct and 
the color varies from dark green to yellowish green. The under 
surface is bullate; the veins are pubescent, parallel and reticulate. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent, resembling pepper. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, 
resin, mucilage, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Matico; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



369 




BOLDO 

1, Broad leaf with deeply impressed veins. 2, Coarsely 
papillose upper surface. 3, Stem. 4, Fruit. 5, Flower 
buds. 



370 



BOLDO N. F. 

English name : Boldo. 

Synonyms : Boldo Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Boldu Boldus (Molina) Lyons. 
(Fam. Monimiacece-) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Mountain regions of Chile. 

Description : 

Boldo occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The 
petiole is stout, and it measures up to 6 mm. in length. The blade 
is rounded or subcordate at the base. The margin is entire and 
revolute. The apex is rounded or notched. The outline varies 
from ovate-oval to oblong-ovate. The blade measures up to 7.5 
cm. in length and up to 5.2 cm. in width. The upper surface is 
coarsely papillose, and it varies in color from greenish yellow to 
grayish green, and the veins are deeply impressed. The under 
surface varies in color from grayish green to yellowish green, and 
the veins are reticulate and prominent. The texture is coriaceous. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and it resembles oil 
of wormseed. 

Constituents: Tannin, resinous compounds, volatile 
oil, alkaloid (boldine), etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Boldi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



371 




UVA URSI 

1, Branched stem. 2, Several leaves of variable outline and 
size. 3, Branch with leaves and flowers. 4, Single 
flower. 5, Fruit. 



372 



UVA URSI U. S. P. 

English name : Uva Ursi. 

Synonyms: Bearberry. 

Botanical origin: Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (Linne) 
Sprengel. (Fam. Ericacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Asia, Europe, North America south to Penn- 
sylvania and California. 

Description : 

Uva ursi occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The 
petioles are thick and they measure up to 6 cm. in length. The 
blade is cuneate at the base. The margin is entire and revolute. 
The apex is rounded, obtuse or acute. The outline varies from 
spatulate to oblong-spatulate to obovate. The blade measures up 
to 30 mm. in length and to 15 mm. in width. The upper surface 
is smooth and shiny; it varies in color from yellowish green to 
grayish green; the veins are slightly impressed, and this gives the 
surface a reticulate appearance. The under surface is yellowish 
green and reticulate. The texture is coriaceous. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is astringent. 

Constituents: Glucosides (arbutin, ericolin), volatile 
oil, urson, fat, gum, coloring matter, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Uvae Ursi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



:;:: 




BUCHU-SHORT 

1, Leaves and small stems. 2, Several leaves of variable 
size. 3, Top view of fruit with seeds removed. 4, Under 
view of fruit. 5, Seed. 6, Stems. 



374 



BUCHU U. S. P. 

(1) Short Buchu 

English name : Buchu. 

Synonyms : Short Buchu. 

Botanical origin: Barosma betulina (Thunberg) Bart- 
ling and Wendland. (Fam. Butacece.) 

Part used: Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat : South Africa. 

Description : 

Short Buchu occurs as a mixture of broken and entire leaves, 
stems, and fruits, and occasionally flowers. The petioles are stout, 
and they measure 2 mm. or less in length. The blade is cuneate 
at the base. The margin is finely serrate, and at the base of each 
tooth there is an oil gland. The apex is obtuse or broadly acute, 
and it is bent back toward the under surface. The outline varies 
from obovate to oval to rotund-cuneate. The blade measures 26 
mm. or less in length and 21 mm. or less in width. The upper 
surface is papillose and yellowish green in color; the veins are 
prominent. The under surface is papillose, wrinkled and pellucid- 
punctate ; the color is yellowish green. The texture is. coriaceous. 
The odor is aromatic and like mint. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, mucilage, gluco- 
sides, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Buchu N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Fluidextractum Buchu; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Fluidextractom Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



375 




BUCHU-LONG 

1, Leaves and small stems. 2, Leaves of variable size. 3, 
Partially developed fruit. 4, Seed. 5, Stems. 6, Flower. 



376 



BUCHU U. S. P. 

(2) Long Buchu 

English name: Buchu. 

Synonyms : Long Buchu. 

Botanical origin: Barosma serratifolia (Curtis) Will- 
denow. (Fam. Ratacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat : South Africa. 

Description : 

Long Buchu occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the leaves and stems. The petioles are stout and they measure 2 
cm. or less in length. The blades are tapering at the base. The 
margin is finely serrate and a gland occurs at the base of each 
tooth. The apex is truncate or obtuse and glandular. The outline 
varies from linear-lanceolate to oblong-linear-lanceolate. The 
blades measure 4 cm. or less in length and 10 mm. or less in 
width. The upper surface varies in color from dark green to 
yellowish green. The under surface is grayish green and pellucid- 
punctate; the midvein is prominent. The texture is brittle and 
coriaceous. The odor is aromatic and mint-like. The taste is 
pungent. 

Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, mucilage, gluco- 
sides, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Buchu N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Fluidextractum Buchu; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Fluidextractum Buchu Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



377 




CHIMAPHILA 

1, Stem with many leaves. 2, Three leaves of variable size. 
3, Side and surface view of fruits. 



378 



CHIMAPHILA (Chimaph.) N. F. 

English name : Chimaphila. 

Synonyms: Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa. 

Botanical origin : Chimaphila umbellata (Linne) Bar- 
ton. (Fam. Ericacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America. 

Description : 

Chimaphila occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The petioles are thick, and they 
measure up to 7 mm. in length. The blade is cuneate at the base. 
The margin of the cuneate portion is entire, of the upper portion 
sharply serrate. The teeth are more prominent when viewed from 
the under surface. The apex is acute or obtuse. The outline 
varies from oblanceolate to obovate-cuneate. The blade measures 
up to 5.5 cm. in length and to 17 mm. in width. The upper sur- 
face is smooth, shiny and dark green; the veins are slightly im- 
pressed. The under surface is smooth, dull and yellowish green 
or gray green; the veins are prominent. The texture is coriaceous. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is astringent. 

Constituents: Crystalline principles (chimaphilin, ar- 
butin, etc.), tannin, volatile oil, fat, resin, starch, 
gum, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Chimaphila?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



379 




DAMIANA-TURNERA DIFFUSA 

1, Stem with clusters of leaves. 2, Cluster of leaves. 
Leaves of variable size. 4, Flower. 



380 



DAMIANA N. F. 

(1) Turnera Diffusa 

English name: Damiana. 

Synonyms: Turnera. 

Botanical origin: Turnera diffusa Willdenow. (Fam. 
Turneracece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems and 
other parts of the same plant or other foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern Texas, Lower California to South 
America. 

Description : 

Turners diffusa occurs as broken or as cut pieces of the stems, 
leaves and flowers. The size is variable. The nodes are alternate. 
The internodes are of variable length. The texture is woody. 
The color varies from yellowish to grayish purple or brown. The 
surface is usually non-striated and the smallest and larger twigs 
are tomentose. The fracture is uneven. The cortex, wood and 
pith are not distinct. The leaves are nearly sessile. The blade is 
cuneate at the base. The margin is sharply serrate and the mar- 
gin of the teeth is revolute. The apex is rounded. The outline 
varies from oblong-oval to spatulate. The leaf varies in size 
from 16 mm. or less in length to 7 mm. or less in width. The 
upper surface varies in color from yellow to grayish brown and it 
is tomentose. The veins are impressed and each branch of the 
midvein ends in a sinus. The under surface is light grayish yel- 
low and tomentose. The midvein is elevated and two to three times 
as broad as in Turnera aphrodisiaca. The branches of the midvein 
are slightly elevated. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle (dami- 
anin), resin, tannin, sugar, gum, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Damianae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



381 





^^Bm#*" Mr h 






■'T-, .ft % ^ ,t&\ ,/ . ! **' * XJ 


k* 


lis Kjjnhi &« 


<ftl 


5 4 \ r 


ti 



DAMIANA-TURNERA APHRODISIACA 

1, Leaves, stems and fruits. 2, Stem with clusters of 
leaves. 3, Leaves of variable size. 4, Fruit and seeds. 
5, Flower. 



382 



DAMIANA N. F. 

(2) Turnera Aphrodisiaca 

English name: Damiana. 

Synonyms: Turnera. 

Botanical origin: Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward. (Fam. 
Turneracece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of stems and 
other parts of the same plant or other foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern Texas to Northern South America. 

Description : 

Turnera aphrodisiaca occurs as broken or as cut pieces of the 
stems, leaves and flowers. The size is variable. The nodes are 
alternate. The internodes are of variable length. The texture is 
woody. The color is reddish brown. The surface is striated, the 
smallest twigs are very hairy, while the larger twigs are nearly 
glabrous. The fracture is uneven. The cortex, wood and pith 
are not distinctive. The leaves are nearly sessile. The blade is 
cuneate at the base. The margin is sharply serrate and the mar- 

fin of the teeth is revolute. The apex is acute. The outline varies 
rom oblong-lanceolate to obovate. The leaf varies in size from 
3 cm. or less in length to 8 mm. or less in width. The upper 
surface varies in color from gray to dark green. There are no 
characteristic markings and the surface is nearly glabrous. The 
veins are impressed. The midvein is sinuous and each branch of 
the midvein ends in a sinus. The under surface is lighter than 
the upper surface and it is slightly glandular. The midvein is 
strongly elevated while the branches are less so. The flowers are 
seldom present. The fruit consists of a three-parted capsule. The 
capsules frequently contain many yellow crescent-shaped seeds 
constricted at one end. The surface of the seeds is ribbed, and 
between the ribs the surface is reticulate. The odor is aromatic, 
and resembles the odor of strawberries. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle (dami- 
anin), resin, tannin, sugar, gum, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Damianse: Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



383 




CASTANEA 



1, Stem and folded leaf. 2, Base of leaf. 3, Flower 
cluster. 4, Coarsely serrate margin of the leaf. 



384 



CASTANEA (Castan.) N. F. 

English name: Castanea. 
Synonyms : Chestnut Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Castanea dentata (Marshall) Bork- 
hausen. (Fam. Fagacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of twigs or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Maine to Michigan, south to Georgia and 
Alabama. 

Description : 

Castanea occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces. The 
petioles measure up to 10 cm. in length. The blade is tapering 
and slightly rounded at the base. The margin is coarsely serrate. 
The apex is acuminate. The outline varies from oblong-lanceolate 
to elliptic-lanceolate. The leaves measure up to 34 cm. in length 
and the blade to 11 cm. in width. The upper surface is smooth, 
and the color varies from dark green to yellowish green. The 
under surface is grayish green. The veins are pinnate and each 
large branch of the midvein ends in a tooth. The texture is cori- 
aceous. The stems are simple and of variable size. The surface 
is striated. The nodes are distinct. The leaves are alternate. The 
texture is fibrous. .The color is dark green. The surface is 
striated. The fracture is woody. The outline is cylindrical. The 
cortex is thin. The wood is thick and radiate. The odor of chest- 
nut is not distinct. The taste is astringent. 

Constituents : Tannin, fat, gum, resin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Castanet; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) 



385 




ERIODICTYON 

1, Leaf with involute margins. 2, Under surface of the leaf. 
3, Serrate margin. 4, Stems. 



386 



^1 



ERIODICTYON (Eriodict.) U. S. P. 

English name : Eriodictyon. 

Synonyms: Yerba Santa, Consumptive's Weed, Moun- 
tain Balm. 

Botanical origin: Eriodictyon calif ornicum (Hooker 
and Arnott) Greene. (Fam. Hi/drophyllacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: California, south to Mexico. 

Description : 

Eriodictyon occurs as broken pieces of the leaves and stems. The 
petioles are stout, purplish brown and channeled; they measure 
7 mm. or less in length. The blade is involute and tapering at 
the base. The margin is unequally serrate and involute, and the 
edges frequently touch. The apex is acute. The outline varies 
from lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. The blades measure 11 cm. 
or less in length and 25 mm. or less in diameter. The upper sur- 
face is yellowish brown in color and covered with a coat of shiny 
resin; the veins are slightly impressed. The under surface varies 
in color from yellowish white to greenish yellow; the veins are 
prominent. The surface between the veins is tomentose. The 
texture is coriaceous, easily broken. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is pungent, bitter and sweet. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, glucose, resin, acid, etc. 
Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Elixir Eriodictyi Aromaticum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Fluidextractum Eriodictyi; Dose. 1 mil (15 min.). 

Syrupus Eriodictyi Aromaticus N. F.; Dose. 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



387 




DIGITALIS 

1, Under surface of the leaf. 2, Upper surface of the leaf. 
3, Flower showing stamens. 4, Flower bud. 5, Five 
stamens and the pistil. 6, Developing ovary. 



388 



DIGITALIS (Digit.) U. S. P. 

English name : Digitalis. 

Synonyms : Foxglove, Digitalis folium P. I. 

Botanical origin: Digitalis purpurea Linne. (Fam. 
Scrophulariacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, flow- 
ers or other foreign matter. 

Assay: B. A.— Minimum lethal dose should not be 
greater than 0.006 mil of tincture for each Gm. of 
frog. 

Ash: Not more than 15 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in Oregon, Washington 
and elsewhere. 

Description : 

Digitalis occurs as a mixture of broken and entire pieces of the 
leaves, stems and flowers. The petioles are winged and measure 
up to 3 cm. in width ; the upper leaves are sessile. The blade is 
tapering abruptly at the base into the petiole. The margin is 
dentate. The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to 
ovate-lanceolate. The leaves measure up to 3 dm. in length, the 
blade to 11.5 cm. in width. The upper surface is dark green, 
slightly hairy, and the veins are reticulate and distinctly hairy. 
The under surface is grayish green, pubescent, and the veins are 
hairy, elevated and brown. The texture is papery. The odor is 
slight. The taste is strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Glucosides (digitoxin and digitalin, 
digitonin, etc.), oil, starch, sugar, resin, pectin, 
acids, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Digitalis; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). 
Infusum Digitalis; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Pilula; Digitalis, Scillas et Hydrargyri N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 
Tinctura Digitalis; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



389 




HAMAMELIDIS FOLIA 



1, Under surface of the leaf. 2, 
leaf. 3, Longitudinal section of 
5, Flowers. 



Upper surface of the 
the fruit. 4, Stem. 



390 



HAMAMELIDIS FOLIA (Hamamel. Fol.) N. F. 



English name : Hamamelis Leaves. 

Synonyms : Witch Hazel Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Hamamelis virginiana Linne. (Fam. 
Hamamelidacece. ) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: New Brunswick to Nebraska, south to Flor- 
ida and Texas. 

Description : 

Hamamelis Leaves occur as a mixture of entire and broken flat 
or folded leaves. The petioles measure up to 9 mm. in length. 
The base is inequilateral, one side tapering, the other rounded, 
less frequently cordate. The margin is crenate, or the lower por- 
tion is entire. The apex is rounded, acute, or acuminate. The 
outline varies from orbicular-oval to obovate. The leaves measure 
up to 14 cm. in length and the blade up to 10.5 cm. in width. 
The upper surface is dull dark green, and the veins are distinct. 
The under surface is shiny, and yellowish or grayish or pinkish 
green, and the veins are prominent. The texture is coriaceous. 
Stems, flowers and fruits are sometimes present. The stems are 
woody, branched and light green. The flowers have a calyx of 
four reflexed sepals, a corolla of four ligulate yellow petals, an 
androzcium of four stamens, a gyncecium of one pistil, with two 
one-celled carpels united at the base, and a two-parted style. The 
fruit is a beaked two-celled capsule, each cell with a hard, shiny 
seed. The odor is not distinct. The taste is astringent. 

Constituents: Tannin, bitter principle, volatile oil, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Hamamelidis Foliorum; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



391 




MALV2E FOLIA— LOW MALLOW 

1, Under surface of the leaf showing the lobed and crenate- 
dentate margin. 2. Sinus of a lobe. 3, The brown fungus 
growths of Puccinia malvacearwn. 4, Petal. 5, Sepal. 6, 
Fruit and persistent calyx. 

392 






MALViE FOLIA (Malv. Fol.) N. F. 
(1) Low Mallow 

English name : Mallow Leaves. 

Synonyms : Low Mallow, Cheeses. 

Botanical origin: Malva rotundifolia Linne. (Fam. 
Malvaceae.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Reject leaves showing brown fungous 
growths of Puccinia Malvacearum Montagne. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not less than 16 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in North 
America. 

Description : 

Low Mallow occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of 
the leaves, flowers and fruits. The petiole is hairy and measures 
9 cm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The blad<' 
is cordate at the base. The margin has as many as nine lobes, 
and it is crenate-dentate. The apex of each lobe ends in a broad 
tooth. The outline varies from orbicular to reniform. The blade 
measures 6 cm. or less in length and 9 cm. or less in width. The 
upper surface varies in color from dark green to yellowish green; 
the veins are indistinct. The under surface is light green or yel- 
lowish green ; the veins are palmate and elevated. The texture 
is papery. The odor is not distinct. The taste is mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Pectin, tannin, coloring matter, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Xone. 



;m 




MALViE FOLIA-HIGH MALLOW 

1, Under surface of the lobed and palmately veined leaf. 

2, Sinus. 3, Several flower buds. 4, Fruit and persistent 
calyx. 5, Petal. 6, Outer surface of the persistent calyx. 



394 



1 



MALViE FOLIA (Malv. Fol.) N. F. 
(2) High Mallow 

English name : Mallow Leaves. 

Synonyms: High Mallow. 

Botanical origin: Malva sylvestris Linne. (Fam. Mal- 
vaceae.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Reject leaves showing brown fungous 
growths of Puccinia Malvacearum Montagne. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 16 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe ; naturalized in North America, Brit- 
ish America to Mexico. 

Description : 

High Mallow occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves, 
flowers and fruits. The petioles of the leaves measure 3 cm. or 
less in length. The blade is cordate at the base. The margin is 
three- to seven-lobed and crenate-dentate. The apex of each lobe 
ends in a large tooth. The outline varies from reniform to orbicu- 
lar. The blade measures 11 cm. or less in length and 12 cm. or 
less in width. The upper surface is slightly hairy and varies in 
color from dark green to yellowish green; the veins are palmate, 
distinct, and slightly elevated. The under surface is pubescent 
and yellowish or brownish green in color; the veins are elevated. 
The texture is herbaceous. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Pectin, tannin, coloring matter, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

None. 



395 




ALTHiE^E FOLIA 

1, Mass of folded wrinkled leaves. 2, Entire leaf showing 
the lobed and douMy serrate margin. :?. Under surface of a 
smaller leaf. 4, Flower buds. 



396 



ALTKffiJE FOLIA (Althae. Fol.) N. F. 

English name : Althaea Leaves. 

Synonyms : Marsh Mallow Leaves, White Mallow. 

Botanical origin: Althaea officinalis Linne. (Fam. 
Malvacece.) 

Part used: Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: Not more than 16 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in salt marshes 
from Massachusetts to New Jerse\ r . 

Description : 

Marsh Mallow Leaves occur as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the leaves, stems and flowers. The petioles are stout and 
they measure 15 mm. or less in length. The blade is rounded or 
Miboordate at the base. The margin is lobed and doubly serrate- 
dentate. The apex is acute. The out ine varies from ovate-lance- 
olate to broadly ovate. The b'ades measure 12 em. or less in 
length and 10 cm. or less in width. The upper surface is yellow- 
ish gray and pubescent: the veins are slightly impressed. The 
under surface is yellowish gray and pubescent; the principal veins 
are elevated. The texture is hairy. The odor is not distinct. The 
taste is slightly mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Mucilage, asparagin, sugar, starch, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gra. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Enters into Species Emollientes. 



397 




FARFARA 

1, Portion of tbe petiole. 2, Under surface showing the 
prominent veins and slight lobes. 3, Small reddish brown 
teeth. 4, A folded and broken leaf. 



398 



FARFARA (Farfar.) N. F. 

English name : Coltsfoot. 

Synonyms : Coltsfoot Leaves, Tussilago Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Tussilago Farfara Linne. (Fam. 
Composite. ) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other parts 
of the plant or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Northern Asia; naturalized in 
Nova Scotia, south to New York and Minnesota. 

Description : 

Coltsfoot occurs as a mixture of entire, broken and folded leaves. 
The petiole is pubescent, channeled, and up to 36 cm. in length. 
The blade is cordate at the base; the margin is angulately lobed 
and dentate; the teeth are reddish brown. The apex is blunt. 
The outline varies from orbicular to broadly reniform. The blade 
measures up to 19 cm. in length and to 20 cm. in diaAeter. The 
upper surface is dull ; the color varies from dark green to yellow- 
ish green, and the veins are not distinct. The under surface is 
white, tomentose, and has up to ten palmate veins of a yellowish 
brown or purplish brown color. The odor is not distinct. The 
taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Bitter principle, glucoside, tannin, 
resin, saponin, volatile oil, wax, caoutchouc, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

None. 



399 




STRAMONIUM 

1, Laciniately lobod and toothed margin. "J. Fragment of 
stem. 3, Spiny fruit. 4, Flower split to show the five 
stamens. 5, Solitary flower. 



400 



STRAMONIUM (Stramon.) U. S. P. 

English name : Stramonium. 

Synonyms : Jimson AYeed, Thorn Apple Leaves. 

Botanical origin: Datura Stramonium Linne or Da- 
tura Tatula Linne. (Fam. Solanacece.) 

Part used : Leaves. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.25 per cent, of total alkaloids. 

Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia ; naturalized in North America. 

Description : 

Stramonium occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves, 
stems, flowers and fruits. The petioles measure up to 2 cm. in 
length. The blade is rounded, truncate, or tapering, and inequi- 
lateral at the base. The margin is laciniately lobed and toothed. 
The apex is acute. The outline varies from ovate to lanceolate. 
The blade measures up to 30 cm. in length and to 20 cm. in 
width. The upper surface is dark green and smooth, and the 
veins are distinct. The under surface varies from light green to 
yellowish green, and the veins are elevated, brown and hairy. The 
texture is papery. The odor is narcotic. The taste is saltv and 
bitter. 

Constituents : Potassium nitrate', fixed oil, gum, chloro- 
ph} r l, alkaloids (hyoscyamine, atropine), resin, 
proteids, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Stramonii (pilular) ; Dose. 0.01 Gm. (Vq grain). 
Extractum Stramonii (powdered); Dose, 0.01 Gm. (% grain). 
Tinctura Stramonii; Dose. 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Unguentum Stramonii (from extract). 



mi 




MENYANTHES 

1, Trifoliate leaf. 2, Entire margin of the leaflet. 3, Clus- 
ter of flowers. 4, Single flower. 



402 



^M 



MENYANTHES (Menyanth.) N. F. 

English name: Menyanthes. 

Synonyms: Bogbean, Buckbean, Marsh Trefoil. 

Botanical origin : Menyanthes trifoliata Linne. (Fam. 

Gentianacece. ) 

Part used: Leaves. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not less than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia ; North America, south to 
Pennsylvania and California. 

Description : 

Menyanthes occurs as a mixture of entire and broken leaves. The 
leaves are trifoliate. The petioles are broad, flat and striated, 
and they measure up to 17 cm. in length. The leaflets have short 
petioles or are sessile. The blades are cuneate at the base. The 
margin is entire. The apex is obtuse or acute. The outline is 
obovate. The leaflets measure up to 8 cm. in length and to 4 
cm. in width. The upper surface varies in color from yellowish to 
brownish green, and the veins are yellowish and elevated. The 
odor is not distinct. The taste is ^strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Menyanthin (glucoside) and meliatin. 
Not fully investigated. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

None. 



403 




PILOCARPUS-LARGE-LEAVED 

1, Upper surface of the leaf showing the large and small 
veins parallel to the margin. 2, Under surface of the leaf 
with elevated central vein and emarginate apex. 3, Small 
leaf. 4, Portions of stem. 



404 



PILOCARPUS (Pilocarp.) U. S. P. 

(1) Large-leaved Pilocarpus 

English name : Pilocarpus. 

Synonyms: Large-leaved Jaborandi, Pernambuco Ja- 
borandi. 

Botanical origin: Pilocarpus Jaborandi Holmes. 
(Fam. Rutacece.) 

Part used : Leaflets. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of stalks bear- 
ing the leaflets and stems of the same plant, or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.6 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash : Not more than 7 -per cent. 

Habitat: Brazil. 

Description : 

Large-leaved Pilocarpus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the leaflets, stalks and stems. The leaves are compound. 
The petiolules of the leaflets are stout and they measure up to 8 
mm. in length. The blades are ineq\iilateral, tapering and rounded 
or acute at the base. The margin is entire and slightly revolute. 
The apex is slightly tapering and emarginate. The outline varies 
from oblong to oblong oval. The blade has a maximum length of 
15 cm. and a width of 4.5 cm. The upper surface is yellowish 
green, smooth, and the veins are elevated. The branches of the 
midvein meet to form a large inner and a small outer wavy vein, 
which runs parallel to the margin. The under surface is yellow- 
ish green, dull: the midvein is large and elevated and its branches 
are elevated. The odor is slight. The taste is salty and bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (pilocarpine, etc.), volatile 
oil, resin, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



405 




PILOCARPUS— SMALL-LEAVED 

1, Part of a compound leaf with four leaflets. 2, Leaves 
of variable form and size. 3, Two fruits. 4, Portion of 
stem. 



406 



k 



^^J 



PILOCARPUS (Pilocarp.) U. S. P. 

(2) Small-leaved Pilocarpus 

English name : Pilocarpus. 

Synonyms: Small-leaved Jaborandi, Maranham Jabo- 
randi. 

Botanical origin: Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf. 
(Fam. Rutacece.) 

Part used : Leaflets. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stalks bear- 
ing the leaflets and stems of the same plant or 
other matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.6 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Brazil. 

Description : 

Small-leaved Pilocarpus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the leaflets. The petiolules of the terminal leaflet are 
margined and they measure up to 5.5 cm. in length. The lateral 
leaflets are sessile. The blade of the terminal leaflet is equilateral, 
rounded and tapering into the petiolule; the base of the lateral 
leaflets is inequilateral, tapering and rounded. The margin is 
entire and slightly revolute. The apex is tapering and emarginate. 
The outline varies from obovate to oval. The leaflets measure up 
to 5 cm. in length and to 2.2 cm. in width. The upper surface 
varies in color from grayish to yellowish green, and the veins are 
not elevated. The under surface is grayish or yellowish green, 
dull, and the veins are elevated. The texture is coriaceous. The 
odor is slight. The taste is salty and bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (pilocarpine, etc.), volatile 
oil, resin, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



407 




SENNA— INDIA 

1, Three leaflets. 2, Compound leaf with six leaflets. 3. 
Five leaves of variable size and shape. 4, Fruit (pod). 5, 
Flower and two flower buds. 



408 



SENNA (Senn.) U. S. P. 
(1) India Senna 

English name : Senna. 

Synonyms : India Senna, Tinnevelly Senna. 

Botanical origin: Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Fam. Le- 
guminosoe.) 

Part used : Leaflets. 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of stem tissues, 
pods, seeds and other impurities. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : East and Central Africa and India. 

Description : 

India senna occurs as a mixture of entire with a few broken 
leaves. The leaves are even pinnately compound. The leaflets are 
usually separated from the stalks. The petioles measure 2 mm. 
or less in length. The blade is inequilateral at the base. The 
margin is entire. The apex is acuminate, acute and mucronate. 
The outline varies from linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. The 
blades measure 5.5 cm. or less in length and 16 mm. or less in 
width. These leaflets are uniformly longer in proportion to their 
width than the leaflets of Alexandria senna. The upper surface is 
smooth and varies in color from dark to yellowish green ; the veins 
are slightly elevated. The under surface is slightly hairy and light 
yellowish green in color; the veins are elevated. The texture is 
subcoriaceous. The odor Is slight. The taste is bitter and muci- 
laginous. 

Constituents: Cathartic acid, glucosides, gum, resin, 
sugar, bitter principle, volatile oil. etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Confectio Senna? N. F. ; Dose. 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Fluidextractum Senna?; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 
Infusum Senna? Compositum; Dose. 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). 
Pulvis Glycyrrhiza? Composit as; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Species Laxativa? X. F. : Dose. 1.3 Gm. (20 grains). 
Syrupus Ficorum Compositus X. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.) 
Syrupus Senna? (from fluidextract) ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Syrupus Senna? Aromaticus X. F. : Dose. 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Senna- Compositus X. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



409 




SENNA-ALEXANDRIA 

1, Six leaflets of variable size and form. 2, Typical Alex- 
andria senna leaves. 3, Fruit (pod). 4, Seed. 5, Stems. 



410 



SENNA (Senn.) U. S. P. 
(2) Alexandria Senna 

English name : Senna. 

Synonyms: Alexandria Senna. 

Botanical origin: Cassia acutifolia Delile. (Fam. Le- 
guminosce. ) 

Part used: Leaflets. 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of stem tissues, 
pods, seeds, and other matter. 

Assay: None given.* 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Central Africa. 

Description : 

Alexandria Senna occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces 
of leaflets, stalks and fruits. The leaflets are usually separated 
from the stalks. The petioles measure 1 mm. or less in length. 
The blade of the leaflet is inequilateral, rounded on one side, acute 
on the other. The margin is entire. The apex is acute and mu- 
cronate. The outline varies from ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lance- 
olate. The blade measures 4.2 cm. or less in length and 17 mm. 
or less in diameter. The upper surface is nearly smooth and 
varies in color from dark to light green; the veins are slightly 
elevated. The under surface is hairy and grayish green in color; 
the veins are elevated. The texture is coriaceous. The odor is 
slight. The taste is bitter and mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Cathartic acid, glucosides, gum, resin, 
sugar, bitter principle, volatile oil, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Confectio Sennae N. F. ; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Fluidextractum Sennas; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). * 
Infusum Sennae Compositum; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). 
Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus ; Dose, 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Species Laxativae N. F. ; Dose, 1.3 Gm. (20 grains). 
Syrupus Ficorum Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Syrupus Sennae (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Syrupus Sennae Aromaticus N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Sennae Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



411 



CHAPTER XII 

FLOWERS 

THE medicinal flowers are grouped into two classes : 
(1) Simple Flowers and (2) Flower Heads. 

SIMPLE FLOWERS 

When studying simple flowers* there must be con- 
sidered the following : Type, peduncle, pedicel, calyx, 
corolla, andrcecium, gynsecium, fruit, color of mass, 
odor and taste. 

1. Type. Convallaria flowers occur in a scorpioid 
raceme; brayera in compound panicles; the other of- 
ficial flowers usually occur solitary. 

2. Peduncles. The peduncle is the stem of the in- 
florescence. The peduncle of convallaria flowers is 
simple, smooth and curved. In brayera the peduncles 
are branched and hairy, and each branch is subtended 
by a leaf with large bracts or the smallest branch by 
bracts. 

3. Pedicels. The pedicel is the stem of the indi- 
vidual flowers. The pedicels of convallaria flowers are 
subtended by a small bract and they are smooth and 
slender; in arnica flowers they are very minute. Com- 
mercial mullein flowers have no pedicels, because the 
pedicel, calyx and pistil remain attached to the plant 
when the flowers are collected. 

4. Calyx. The calyx is the outer set of floral 
leaves. In cloves the calyx is united below and ex- 
panded above into four lobes. No calyx is present in 
mullein flowers. In sambucus the calyx is united be- 
low, free above and with five teeth. In brayera the 
calyx is united below and free above ; it has five lobes. 

5. Corolla. The corolla is the inner of two sets of 
floral leaves. Clove has four brown imbricated petals 

412 



^« 



covering the stamens and pistils. The corolla of mul- 
lein flowers is united below, and the free portions are 
lobed and yellow. Lily-of-the-valley flowers are united 
and form a bell-shaped (campanulate) corolla; the 
free portion forms five lobes, which recurve. Elder 
flower corolla is united below to form a wheel-shaped 
(rotate) corolla; the free portion forms five lobes of a 
greenish yellow color. Brayera corolla is usually not 
present in the drug. Red rose consists almost wholly 
of imbricated (overlapping) petals. 

6. Androecium. The andrcecium consists of stamens 
or male reproductive organs of the flower. In clove 
the stamens are numerous, and are enclosed by the 
imbricated petals. In mullein flowers there are five 
stamens, three long and two short ; all five are covered 
with hairs. In convallaria there are six stems inserted 
on the perianth ; in elder flowers there are six stamens ; 
in brayera the pistillate flowers are official, so no 
stamens are present. Red rose usually has numerous 
stamens among the petals forming the central part of 
the cone. 

7. Gynaecium. The gynaecium consists of one or 
more separate pistils, or of a pistil composed of united 
carpels. In clove the pistil consists of a two-celled 
ovary and one persistent style. No pistils are present 
in mullein flowers; in convallaria and elder flowers the 
pistil has a three-celled ovary and a three-parted 
style ; crocus consists of yellow style tissue ; corn silk 
consists of fresh stigmas. 

8. Fruits. Fruits are rarely present in a fully de- 
veloped condition in any of the flowers; therefore they 
are not diagnostic. 

9. Color. The color of the mass of flowers differs 
with each drug. Clove is dark brown; mullein is yel- 
low ; convallaria flowers are yellowish brown ; sam- 
bucus is greenish yellow; brayera is reddish brown: 
red rose is purplish red; saffron is dark red; fresh 
corn silk varies from green to dark brown. 

10. Odor. Clove, red rose, rosa gallica and crocus 

413 



have an aromatic odor; mullein, elder, brayera, and 
corn silk have no characteristic odor. 

11. Taste. The taste of clove and of saffron is 
strongly pungent ; that of elder flowers and red rose is 
bitter. 

FLOWER HEADS 

Flower heads are composed of a great number of 
flowers arranged in such a manner that they appear 
as a single flower. In the study of flower heads the 
following must be considered: Occurrence, peduncle, 
involucre, ray flowers, disk flowers, receptacle, color 
of mass, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Most flower heads occur in a 
broken condition, but occasionally they are entire, as 
in trifolium. 

2. Peduncle. The peduncle is the stem upon which 
all the flowers are borne. In arnica, and occasionally 
in calendula, the peduncle is hairy and long ; in matri 
caria the peduncles are furrowed. 

3. Involucre. The involucre is made up of one or 
more circles of bracts or modified leaves. In arnica 
and calendula the involucre consists of two rows 
(series) of bracts; in matricaria it is frequently in 
three series. In clover the flower head is composed of 
simple flowers, each similar in structure. 

4. Ray Flowers. The ray flowers are the outer 
circle of ligulate (strap-shaped) and usually pistillate 
flowers. In arnica and calendula they are yellow; in 
matricaria they are nearly white. In all the flowers 
the veins are prominent and the apex is toothed. 
Calendula consists almost wholly of ray flowers. 

5. Disk Flowers. Disk flowers are the perfect 
flowers such as make up the greater part of arnica 
(refer to description under arnica) and matricaria. 
Very few disk flowers are present in calendula. 

6. Receptacle. The receptacle is that part of the 
flower head which bears all the flowers. In arnica the 
receptacle is convex, pitted and hairy. In matricaria 
it is greatly elongated, pitted and free from hairs. 

414 



-— 



7. Color. The color must always be considered 
when studying flowers. In calendula, for example, 
the flowers are used largely for the yellow coloring 
substance found in them. If they are not kept in a 
dry place, or if kept for a long period, they lose their 
color and consequently their value as a coloring agent. 

8. Odor. Arnica and matricaria have an aromatic 
odor; calendula and trifolium have no characteristic 
odor. 

9. Taste. The taste of most of the flowers is bitter ; 
that of arnica and matricaria is pungent; while that 
of calendula is slightly salty. 



415 




CARYOPHYLLUS 

1, Zanzibar cloves. 2, Amboyna cloves. 3, Penang 
cloves. 



416 



CARYOPHYLLUS (Caryoph.) U. S. P. 

English name : Clove. 

Synonyms: None in common use. 

Botanical origin: Eugenia aromatica (Linne) 0. 
Kuntze; Jambosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Nie- 
denzu. (Fam. Myrtacece.) 

Part used : Flower buds. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of the ped- 
uncles, stems or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. The amount of ash 
insoluble in hydrochloric acid is not more than 
0.5 per cent, of the weight of clove taken. 

Habitat: Cultivated in West Indies, South America 
and Africa. 

Description : 

Clove occurs as a mixture of entire flower buds of variable size. 
The calyx is tubular, compressed, two-sided and tapering below 
and four-sided above, and it terminates in four calyx teeth. These 
teeth curve upward and inward (involute) and are sharp-pointed. 
The maximum length is 18 mm. The color of the calyx varies 
from nearly black to reddish brown and the surface appears 
granular. The corolla consists of four imbricated yellowish .or 
reddish brown petals of a globular or conical form. The andra>- 
cium consists of numerous reddish brown stamens which are cov- 
ered by the petals. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a 
two-celled ovary and one stout, persistent style. The odor is 
strongly aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. The three com- 
mercial varieties of cloves are Zanzibar, Amboyna and Penang. 
The Zanzibar cloves are the smallest, darkest variety. The Am- 
boyna cloves are larger and lighter in color, and many of the 
petals and stamens are not present. Penang cloves are the largest, 
and they are light reddish brown in color. All the varieties should 
yield oil to a groove caused by a scratch or cut. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, eugenol, gum, resin, tannin, 
etc. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Caryophylli; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 

Pulvis Aromaticus Rubefaciens N. F. (for external use). 



417 




VERBASCI FLORES 

1, Mass of flowers. 2, Flower showing the hairy stamens. 
3, Small flower. 4, Under surface of the flower. 



418 



-_ 



VERBASCI FLORES (Verbasc. Flor.) N. F. 

English name : Mullein Flowers. 

Synonyms: Mullen Flowers. 

Botanical origin: Verbascum phlomoides Linne or 
Verbascum thapsiforme Schraeder. (F&m.Scroph- 
ulariacece. ) 

Part used : Corollas with adhering stamens. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in Massachu- 
setts. 

Description : 

Mullein Flowers occur in an entire condition, and they consist 
only of the corolla and the stamens. The corolla consists of five 
petals united below into a narrow tube and expanded above into 
a saucer-shaped part. The free ends are lobed. The lobes are 
rounded and usually unequal in length. The androecium consists 
of five stamens adnate (attached) to the base of the corolla. 
Three of the stamens are shorter than the other two. All the 
stamens have a great number of white hairs ; this gives them a 
woolly appearance. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly 
mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Fixed and volatile oils, sugar, resin, 
wax, tannin, coloring matter, etc. 

Dose: 8 Gm. (2 drachms). 

Preparations : 

None. 



419 




CONVALLARLflE FLORES 

1, Flowers and stems. 2, One-sided raceme of flowers. 
3, Five stamens of the flower. 



420 






CONVALLARLffi FLORES (Convallar. Flor.) N. F. 

English name : Convallaria Flowers. 

Synonyms : Lily-of -the-Valley Flowers. 

Botanical origin: Convallaria majalis Linne. (Fam. 
LiliaceoB.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 12 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia and Southern United States; 
cultivated extensively for its flowers. 

Description : 

Convallaria Flowers occur as a mixture of entire and broken 
pieces of the one-sided raceme. The peduncles measure 19 cm. or 
less in length. The bracts subtending each flower are thin and 
lanceolate. The pedicels curve downward and measure 1 cm. 
or less in length. The perianth is campanulate ; its six lobes are 
ovate and acute. The androzcium consists of six included, short- 
ened stamens inserted on the perianth. The gyncecium consists 
of one ovary with three cells, a three-grooved style, and a three- 
lobed capitate stigma. The odor is slightly aromatic. The taste is 
sweet and slightly acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, glucosides (conval- 
lamarin, convallarin), etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Convallariae Florum ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



421 




SAMBUCUS 

1, Numerous flowers and flower buds. 2, Small panicle of 
flowers. 3, Stems. 4, Single flower and, above, a cluster 
of buds. 



422 



"W 



SAMBUCUS (Sambuc.) N. F. 

English name: Sambucus. 

Synonyms: Elder Flowers, American Elder, Sweet 
Elder. 

Botanical origin: Sambucus canadensis Linne or 
Sambucus nigra Linne. (Fam. Capri foliacece.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Flor- 
ida and Texas. 

Description : 

Sambucus occurs as a mixture of entire and broken flowers and 
buds. The pedicels measure 5 mm. or less in length. The calyx 
is ovoid and its five teeth are minute. The corolla is greenish yel- 
low and rotate ; its lobes are ovate. The androecmm consists of 
five stamens adnate to the base of the corolla and alternating with 
the corolla lobes. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a 
three-celled ovary and one three-parted style with three stigmas. 
The buds are small, greenish yellow, and globular. The odor is 
slightly aromatic. The taste is slightly bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, gum, resin, tannin, bitter 
glucoside, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

None. 



423 




BRAYERA 

1, Flowers and stems. 2, Bract. 4, Part of a panicle. 
5, Small bracts. 6, Three flowers and a floral bract. 



424 



BRAYERA (Brayer.) N. F. 

English name : Brayera. 

Synonyms: Kousso, Cusso. 

Botanical origin: Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) Gmelin. 
(Fam. Rosacea.) 

Part used: Panicles of pistillate flowers. 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of the stami- 
nate flowers, other parts of the tree or other mat- 
ter. Reject portions of the stems over 3 mm. in 
diameter, and any binding material, before the 
drug is powdered or used. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Abyssinia. 

Description : 

Brayera occurs as broken fragments or as panicles arranged in 
bundles, held together with spirally arranged flattened portions of 
the larger stems of brayera plant. The peduncles are tortuous 
and pinkish brown; the surface is sunken and hairy. At the base 
of the larger peduncles there is a large, oblong, two-lobed sheathing 
bract, and several leaves subtending the panicles. At the base 
of the medium-sized peduncles the bract is smaller and is asso- 
ciated with two leaves. The smallest peduncles are subtended 
by a thin, hairy ovate bract. The pedicels are short; each is sub- 
tended by two rounded bracts. The bractlets subtending each 
flower are obovate, and the veins are large, elevated, and purple. 
The calyx consists of five small calyx lobes. The petals, which are 
usually absent in the drug, are small and white. The andrcecium 
consists of aborted stamens. The nvncecium consists of a one- 
celled ovary, a two-parted style, and two stigmas. The fruit is 
an achene. The odor is indistinct. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Tannin, volatile oil, resin, glucosides 
(kosin, koussein, etc.), etc. 

Dose: 15 Gm. (240 grains). 

Preparations : 

Infusum Brayerse. Dose, 250 mils (8 fl. ozs.). 



425 




ROSA GALLICA 

1, Many united and separated petals. 2, Cone of imbri- 
cate petals. 3, Inner surface of the petal. 



426 



ROSA GALLIC A (Rosa Gall.) U. S. P. 

English name : Red Rose. 

Synonyms : French Rose. 

Botanical origin: Rosa gallica Linne. (Fam. Rosacea.) 

Part used: Petals collected just before expansion of 
the flower. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3.5 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern Europe and Western Asia; culti- 
vated in gardens. 

Description : 

Red Rose occurs as a mixture of entire cones and separated and 
broken petals. The cones consist of a great number of imbricated 
petals. They measure 20 mm. or less in length and 16 mm. or less 
in width at the base. The petals are tapering and yellow at the 
base. The margin is entire. The apex is rounded and notched. 
The outline is obcordate. The upper surface is soft and velvety 
and purplish red in color. The under surface is smooth and light 
purplish red in color ; the veins are distinct. The odor is aromatic. 
The taste is slightly pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, red coloring matter, gallo- 
tannic acid, sugar, mucilage, quercitrin. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Rosae; Dose. 2. mils (30 min.). 
Infusum Rosae Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 100 mils (3^ fl. ozs.). 
Mel Rosae (from fluidextract) ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Syrupus Rosae N. F. (from fluidextract). 



427 




1, A mass of stigmas and 
stigma, magnified. 



CROCUS 

styles. 



2, Papillae of the 



428 



-w 



CROCUS (Croc.) N. F. 

English name : Crocus. 

Synonyms: Saffron, Spanish Saffron. 

Botanical origin: Crocus sativus Linne. (Fam. Iri- 
dacece.) 

Part used: Stigmas. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of yellow 
styles or other foreign matter. 

Assay : It loses not more than 14 per cent, of its weight 
when dried at 100° C. 

Ash: Not more than 7.5 per cent, of infusible ash. 

Habitat : Southern Europe and Asia. 

Description : 

Saffron occurs as entire or broken pieces of the styles and stigmas. 
The styles are slender and yellow. The stigmas are tapering below, 
three-lobed above, and rolled inward. The stigmas are covered 
with large papillae which are visible under the high power of the 
microscope. The odor is persistent and aromatic. The taste is 
pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, wax, bitter prin- 
ciple, crocin (glucoside), etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Croci. (Used for coloring.) 



429 




ZEA 

1, Light-colored styles and stigmas, 
styles and stigmas, which are worthless. 



2, Dark-colored 



430 



ZEA N. F. 

English name : Zea. 

Synonyms : Corn Silk. 

Botanical origin: Zea Mays Linne. (Fam. Graminece.) 

Part used : Fresh styles and stigmas. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Tropical America ; cultivated extensively. 

Description : 

Fresh Corn Silk occurs as tangled masses of entire and broken 
styles. The styles measure 30 cm. or less in length and 5 mm. or 
less in diameter. The color varies from yellow to red to brown 
and to bright green. The stigma is two-parted. The drug of 
commerce consists of the dried styles and stigmas. This should 
not be used in making preparations, because it is medicinally in- 
active. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly sweet. 

Constituents: Resin, maizenic acid, fixed oil, sugar, 
gum, etc. 

Dose: 4 6m. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Zeae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



431 



j 




ARNICA 

1, Many flowers. 2, Involucre bracts. 3, Pitted receptacle. 
4, Peduncle. 5, Flower head. 



432 



-^m 



ARNICA (Arnic.) U. S. P. 

English name : Arnica. 

Synonyms : Arnica Flowers. 

Botanical origin: Arnica montana Linne. (Fam. 
Composites.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Northern Asia. 

Description : 

Arnica occurs as a mixture of entire and broken pieces of the 
flowers. The peduncle is hairy and measures 3 cm. or less in 
length. The involucre consists of one or two rows of bracts which 
have a maximum length of 15 mm. The bracts are pubescent, 
dark green, except the edges, which are light green and linear- 
lanceolate in outline. The ray flowers are ligulate, pistillate and 
orange yellow in color. The disk flowers are perfect. The pappus 
consists of one circle of multicellular, multiseriate. branched hairs. 
The corolla is yellow, tubular below and five-toothed above. The 
androecium consists of five exserted stamens with their anthers 
united and around the style. The gyncecium consists of one pistil 
with a one-celled ovary, one style, and a two-parted stigma. The 
fruit is an achene with a pappus. The receptacle is convex, pitted, 
hairy, and solid. The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and 
acrid. 

Constituents: Bitter principle (arnicin), alkaloid 
(arnicine), volatile oil, fat, resin, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum ArnicsB N. F. ; Dose, 0.1 mil (l 1 /^ min.). 
Tinctura Arnicae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



433 




CALENDULA 

1, Many flowers. 2, Involucre bracts. 3, Flower head. 
4, Disk flowers. 5, Ray flowers. 



434 



CALENDULA (Calend.) N. F. 

English name : Calendula. 

Synonyms : Marigold, Holligold,. Mary -bud. 

Botanical origin: Calendula officinalis Linne. (Fam. 
Compositce.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of other parts 
of the plant or other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: Not more than 11 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern Europe and parts of Asia. 

Description : 

Calendula occurs as entire ligulate flowers mixed with a few flower 
heads. The flower heads have a short, thick, curved peduncle. 
The invo'.ucre consists of oblong-lanceolate, hairy, greenish gray 
bracts. The individual flowers are yellow, mostly ligulate, and 
they have a maximum length of 26 mm. These flowers are 
oblanceolate, two to three-toothed and two to six-veined. The 
basal part of the flower is incurved and encloses a bifid stigma. 
The tubular flowers are small and five-lobed. The receptacle is 
rough. The seeds are angled and dark brown. The odor is slight. 
The taste is slightly salty and bitter. 

Constituents: Gum, coloring matter, volatile oil, bitter 
principle, calendulin, etc. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Calendula?. (Used as a coloring agent and local 

irritant.) 

Tinctura Calendula?. (Used externally.) 



435 




MATRICARIA 

1, Mass of flower heads. 2, Heads of variable size. 3, 
Involucre. 4, Head with reflex petals. 5, Receptacles of 
variable size. 



436 



k 



MATRICARIA (Matricar.) U. S. P. 

English name: Matricaria. 

Synonyms: German Chamomile, Wild Chamomile. 

Botanical origin: Matricaria Chamomilla Linne. 
(Fam. Compositce.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 13 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in 
the United States, New York southward. 

Description : 

Matricaria occurs as a mixture of entire heads and separate and 
broken fragments of the flowers and stems. The peduncles are 
furrowed and measure 2.5 cm. or less in length. The involucre is 
saucer-shaped. The bracts, which are in two or more series, are 
imbricate and oblong; their central portions are dark green and 
their margins lighter-colored. Their apexes are obtuse. The ray 
flowers, which number as many as twenty, are pistillate and white; 
the ligules are linear-oblong, indistinctly four-nerved and three- 
toothed. They usually bend back upon the peduncle. The disk 
flowers are perfect. The pappus is not present. The corolla is 
yellow, tubular below and five-toothed above. The androecium 
consists of five stamens. The gyncecium consists of one pistil 
with a one-celled ovary, one style, and a two-parted pistil. The 
fruit is a three- to five-ribbed achene. The receptacle is pitted and 
naked and varies in form from lanceolate to ovoid to orbicular. 
The odor is sweet and aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter extractive, tannin, 
etc. 

Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 
Preparations : 

None. 



437 




TRIFOLIUM 

1, Flower heads. 2, Stipules. 3, Side view of the stipules. 
4, Flower head with part of the flowers removed. 



438 



— ^ 



TRIFOLIUM (Trifol.) N. F. 

English name : Trifolium. 

Synonyms : Red Clover Blossoms, Honeysuckle Clover 
Blossoms. 

Botanical origin: Trifolium pratense Linne. (Fam. 

Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Flower heads. 
Impurities : None given. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern British America and the United 

States. 

Description : 

Trifolium occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fragments of 
the flower heads of papilionaceous flowers. The stipules are two- 
lobed, prominently veined and hairy, and associated with a small 
three-foliate leaf. The calyx is hairy and tubular and its five 
teeth are subulate. The corolla is united into a tube; the standard 
is longer and broader than the two wings ; the heel is short. The 
andrcecium consists of ten stamens in two groups, nine together 
and one separate. The gyncecium consists of one pistil with a 
one-celled ovary with many ovules, and one style. The fruit is a 
several-seeded legume enclosed in the persistent calyx. The odor 
is slightly aromatic. The taste is sweet and slightly bitter. 

Constituents: Glucosides, tannin, resins, fat, chloro- 
phyl, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Trif olii ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



439 



CHAPTER XIII 

FRUITS 

THE official fruits are grouped into eight classes, as 
follows: Drupes, achenes, berries, cremocarps, 
capsules, multiple fruits, collective fruits, and 
legumes. 

1. Drupes. Drupes are fruits having a thin skin 
(epicarp), a fleshy pulp (sarcocarp), and a hard en- 
docarp (putamen) around the seed. There are two 
classes of official drupes : those with one stone (puta- 
men and seed), and those with more than one stone. 
Prune has one stone ; pimenta has two or three stones ; 
rhamnus cathartica contains three or four stones. 

2. Achenes. Malt (barley, germinated and dried) 
is an example of a caryopsis, an achene-like fruit in 
which the pericarp and seed are grown together. 

3. Berries. A berry is a fruit in which the seed is 
directly embedded in the pulp. Solanum is a typical 
fruit; the skin (epicarp) is thin, the pulp is fleshy, 
and the seeds are embedded in it. 

4. Cremocarps. A cremocarp is a fruit composed 
of two mericarps (achenes) held together by a carpo- 
phore. The official cremocarps are fennel, caraway, 
angelica, anise, parsley, conium, celery and coriander. 
Of these, parsley and conium are the only ones likely 
to be confused; therefore their structure should be 
compared closely. 

5. Capsules. A capsule is a dehiscent fruit com- 
posed of a mature compound (more than one) pistil. 
Cassia fistula, vanilla, poppy, and prickly ash are cap 
sules. They differ in size, structure, etc. 

6. Multiple Fruits. The multiple fruits are those 
in which several ripened pistils from several flowers 

440 



-^H 



form the fruit. Juniper, hops and figs are multiple 
fruits. 

7. Aggregate Fruits. An aggregate fruit is one in 
which several ripened pistils from one flower form the 
fruit. The two official aggregate fruits are red rasp- 
berry and blackberry. 

8. Legumes. A legume is a fruit composed of one 
carpel (monocarpellary) which opens (dehisces) 
along two sutures to discharge the seed, as in bean or 
pea. Tamarind is a legume. The pod should be re- 
moved in the official drug; when the pod is removed, 
all resemblance to a fruit is destroyed. 



441 




PRUNUM 



1, Five prunes of variable size, 
pit. 3, Pit or stone removed. 



2, Pulp removed from the 
4, Seed in the putamen. 



442 



PRUNUM N. F. 

English name: Prune. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Prunus domestica Linne. (Fam, 
Rosacece.) 

Part used: Ripe fruit, partly dried. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Asia ; universally cultivated. 

Description : 

Prune occurs as entire, irregularly compressed fruits. Prunes are 
drupes. The outline varies from oval to elliptical. They measure 
4 cm. or less in length and 3.5 cm. or less in width. The color 
is brownish black. The surface is smooth, sunken, sticky, and 
slightly grooved on one side, with a depressed stalk scar at the 
base. The epicarp is tough. The sarcocarp is yellowish brown 
and soft. The putamen is flattened, hard, and ridged near the 
edge of the two flattened surfaces. The seed is light brown, hairy, 
furrowed, rounded at one end and pointed at the other. The 
seeds measure 3 em. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in 
width. The seeds are aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 
The putamen and seed should be rejected when making prepara- 
, tions. The odor of the pulp of prunes is aromatic. The taste 
is sweet. 

Constituents: Sugar, pectin, albumin, malic and tar- 
taric acids, potassium salts, etc. 

Preparations : 

Ingredient of Confectio Sennae. 



443 




SABAL 

1, Fresh berries. 2, Partially dried fruits. 3, Seed in 
the endocarp. 4, Seed removed from the endocarp. 5, 
Seed: to the right, cross-section of sarcocarp with oil cav- 
ities. 



444 



SABAL U. S. P. 

English name : Sabal. 

Synonyms: Saw Palmetto Berries. 

Botanical origin: Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) 
Hooker filius. (Fam. Palmce.) 

Part used: Ripe fruit, partially dried. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : North Carolina and Arkansas, south to Flor- 
ida and Texas. 

Description : 

Sabal occurs as entire fruits. Sabal is a drupe. The outline 
varies from oval to elliptical. It measures 25 cm. or less 
in length and 18 mm. or less in width. The color varies from 
brownish black to black. The surface is smooth, even or sunken, 
oily or dry. The base has a short stalk or stem scar. The apex 
has a style scar. The epicarp is tough. The sarcocarp is yellow- 
ish brown, fibrous and soft. The endocarp is reddish brown and 
fibrous on the outer surface; the inner surface is smooth. The 
seed is yellowish or reddish brown, ellipsoidal and waxy when cut; 
the raphe side is elevated. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
sweet, pungent and acrid. 

Constituents : Volatile and fixed oils, resin, sugar, etc. 
Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Sabal; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 

Tinctura Sabal et Santali N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



445 




RHUS GLABRA 

1, Branched stem with fruits. 2, Fruits. 3, Larger stem. 



446 



^^ 



RHUS GLABRA (Rhus Glab.) N. F. 

English name : Rhus Glabra. 

Synonyms : Sumac Berries, Scarlet Sumac Fruit. 

Botanical origin: Rhus glabra Linne. (Fam. Anacar- 
diacew. ) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia, Europe and Northern North America. 

Description : 

Rhus glabra occurs as entire fruits. Rhus glabra is a drupe. 
The outline is subglobose and slightly compressed. The fruit meas- 
ures 4 mm. or less in length and 5 mm. or less in diameter. The 
color is dark red. The base of the fruit is frequently attached to 
a slender pedestal bearing a five-cleft calyx. The apex has the 
persistent remains of a three-parted black style. The surface is 
hairy and rough. The epicarp and mesocarp are thin. The endo- 
carp is smooth, hard and brittle, and it separates from the outer 
layers. The seeds are slightly reniform and smooth, and have a 
light-colored hilum. The odor is not distinct. The taste is sour 
and astringent. 

Constituents : Malic, tannic and gallic acids, fixed and 
volatile oils, coloring matter, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Rhois Glabra?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



447 



^^fc, "*' MBF ^^_ iflMML. j^Lm±. flK ^,i, ^B^ ^^^Hlt ^A.^tfl v 








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CUBEBA 

1, Many fruits. 2, Large fruits. 3, Small fruits. 4, Seed 
in the pericarp. 5, Stems. 



448 



™ I 



CUBEBA (Cubeb.) U. S. P. 

English name : Cubeb.. .. 

Synonyms : Cubebs, Cubeb Herries. 

Botanical origin: Piper Cubela Linne filius. (Fam. 
. Piperaceae.) 

Part used: Unripe fruit, full grown. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay : Not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive, 
soluble in ether. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : East and West Indies, Ceylon. 

Description : 

Cubeb occurs as a mixture of entire fruits and stems. Cubeb is a 
drupe. The outline of the upper portion is globular, acute and 
pointed; the lower portion tapers into a thecaphore. Cubeb meas- 
ures 2 cm. or less in length, and 7 mm. or less in width. The 
thecaphore measures 14 mm. or less in length. The color varies 
from brownish to bluish to grayish black. The surface of the 
globular portion is reticulate, of the thecaphore wrinkled. The 
epicarp is thin. The mesocarp is greenish brown and oily. The 
endocarp is hard and smooth on the inner surface. The" seed is 
reddish brown and smooth; one end is slightly elevated. The odor 
is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, cubebic acid, 
resin, fatty oil, gum, cubebin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Cubebae N. F. ; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleoresina Cubebae; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Oleum Cubebae N. F.; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Cubebae N. F. ; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Trochisci Cubebae. (from Oleoresin). 



449 




PIPER 

1-6, Varieties of Black Pepper. 



450 



PIPER U. S. P. 

English name : Pepper. 
Synonyms : Black pepper. 

Botanical origin: Piper nigrum Linne. (Fam. Piper- 

acecB.) 

Part used : Unripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 6 per cent, of non-volatile ex- 
tract, soluble in ether. Not less than 25 per cent, 
of starch. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. The amount of ash 
insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not ex- 
ceed 2 per cent, of the weight of pepper taken. 

Habitat: West and East Indies; cultivated in Singa- 
pore, Ceylon, Penang, etc. 

Description : 

Pepper occurs as entire fruits. It is a drupe. The outline is 
nearly globular. The fruits measure 6 mm. or less in diameter. 
The color of the different varieties of pepper varies from grayish 
to brownish to black. The surface is coarsely reticulate and dull. 
The epicarp is thin and dark colored. The mesocarp is thin. The 
endocarp is light colored. The seed adheres to the endocarp; it is 
yellowish green in the outer layers, yellow or gray around the 
cavity. The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (piperidine, piperine), resin, 
volatile oil, proteids, starch, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleoresina Piperis ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (Y2 grain). 



451 




PIMENTA 

1, Three seeds from a three-carpeled fruit. 2, Seeds from 
a two-carpeled fruit. 3, Several fruits. 4, Mass of fruits. 
5, Flowers and fruit attached to stem. 



452 



PIMENTA (Piment.) N. P. 

English name: Pimenta. 

Synonyms : Allspice, Clove Pepper. 

Botanical origin: Pimenta officinalis Lindley. (Fam. 
Myrtacece.) 

Part used: Nearly ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of stems or 
other foreign matter. 

Assay: Crude fiber does not exceed 25 per cent. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: West Indies, Mexico, and South America. 

Description : 

Allspice occurs as a mixture of entire fruits and broken stems. 
Allspice is a two to three-celled and -seeded inferior drupe. The 
outline varies from globular to sub-globular. It measures 6 mm. 
or less in length and 8 mm. or less in width. The color varies 
from light to dark reddish brown. The surface is rough and 
granular. The base has a short stalk or a stem scar; the apex 
has a calyx ring and frequently minute blunt teeth. The apex 
is depressed within the calyx ring, and there are the remains of a 
persistent style in the center of the depression. Two-seeded forms 
are slightly grooved on two sides and three-seeded forms on three 
sides. The epicarp is thin. The mesocarp is yellowish and porous. 
The endocarp is brown, smooth and shiny. The dissepiments are 
thin and papery. The seeds of two-celled forms are flattened on 
their inner face and rounded on their outer face. The seeds of 
three-celled forms have two flat surfaces and an outer rounded 
surface. They are reddish brown and smooth. The odor is aro- 
matic. The taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, tannin, sugar, muci- 
lage, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Pimenta? U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



453 



& I H • J% 




RHAMNUS CATHARTICA 

1. Fruits of variable size. 2, Persistent pedicle. 



454 



RHAMNUS CATHARTIC A (Rhamn. Cath.) N. F. 

English name : Rhamnus Cathartica. 

Synonyms: Buckthorn Berries. 

Botanical origin: Rhamnus cathartica Linne. (Fam. 
Rhamnacece.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of unripe fruit 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia and North America. 

Description : 

Rhamnus Cathartica occurs as entire fruits. The outline varies 
from rounded to egg-shaped. The fruits measure 8 mm. or less 
in length and 8 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from 
dark purple to black. The surface is rough and wrinkled. A 
pedicel is frequently attached to the basal part of the fruit. The 
fruit varies from three- to four-celled, and each cell may contain a 
nutlet. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and bitter. 

Constituents: Coloring matters, tannin, glucosides, 
emodin, sugar, pectin, gum, bitter principle, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Rhamni Cathartica?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Syrupus Rhamni Cathartica?; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



455 




MALTUM 

1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Groove at one side of the 
fruit. 3, Fruit freed of pales. 4, Cross-section of the 
fruit. 



456 



MALTUM U. S. P. 

English name : Malt. 

Synonyms : Barley Malt. 

Botanical origin: Hordeum sativum Jessen. (Fam. 
Graminece.) 

Part used : Grain partially germinated and then dried. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Capable of converting not less than five times 
its weight of starch into sugars. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Western Asia, Egypt ; cultivated. 

Description : 

Barley Malt occurs as entire grains. Barley is an achene. Bar- 
ley is ovate-lanceolate in outline. It measures 15 mm. or less in 
length and 5 mm. or less in diameter. The base is constricted. 
The apex is acuminate. The color is grayish yellow. The pales 
are imbricated. The fruit, freed of pales, is yellowish brown and 
rounded at the base, grooved on one side, and acuminate and 
hairy at the apex. Sections of the lower portions of the fruit are 
reniform. The outer layer is brown, the inner nearly white. The 
fracture is brittle. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Diastase, hordenine (alkaloid), etc. 
Dose : None given in U. S. P. 
Preparations : 

Extractum Malti; Dose, 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 



457 




AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX 

1, Outer surface of the fresh rind. 2, Inner surface show- 
ing the oil cavities. 3, White inner layer of the rind. 4, 
Dried worthless rind with sunken oil cavities. 



458 



AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX (Aurant. Dulc. 
Cort.) U. S. P. 

English name : Sweet Orange Peel. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Citrus Aiirantium sinensis Gallesio. 
(Fam. Rutacece.) 

Part used : Outer rind of the fresh, ripe fruit. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Widely cultivated, Florida, California, etc 

Description : 

The fresh, outer rind of orange may be removed by peeling or 
grating. In no case should the white inner layer of the rind be 
used. Orange is a hesperidhim. The outline, measurements, etc., 
do not need to be considered, since the fresh fruit is used in sepa- 
rating the rind. The color is orange yellow. The surface has 
numerous convex oil cavities surrounded by a smooth, shiny sur- 
face. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, gura, 
tannin, etc. 

Dose : None given officially. 

Preparations : 

Oleum Aurantii; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 

Syrupus Aurantii (from Tincture). 

Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



459 




AURANTII AMARI CORTEX 

1, Outer surface of the peel. 2, Ribbons or narrow peel- 
ings. 3, Persistent calyx. 4, Inner surface of the rind. 



462 



— - 



AURANTII AMARI CORTEX (Aurant. Amar. 
Oort.) U. S. P. 

English name : Bitter Orange Peel. 
Synonyms : None in common use. 

Botanical origin: Citrus Aurantium amara Linne. 

(Fam. RutacecE.) 

Part used : Dried rind. 

Impurities : None given in II. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Cultivated extensively in the subtropics. 

Description : 

Bitter orange peel occurs cut into quarters, eighths, or ribbons ; 
the latter may be straight or curved. Bitter orange is a hespe- 
ridium. The outline of the pieces is irregular. The pieces are of 
variable length and they measure 8 mm. or less in thickness. The 
color of the outer surface varies from yellowish brown to dark 
green, of the inner surface grayish yellow. The outer surface is 
revolute along the cut edges ; it is rough and has great numbers 
of circular, sunken oil cavities. Some pieces have the remains of 
the calyx attached. The inner surface is rough with numerous 
slightly elevated vascular bundles. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, bitter principles, acrid 
resin, gum, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
Oleum Aurantii Amari N. F. ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 
Tinctura Aurantii Amari; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Cinchonaa Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Gentianae Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Vinum Aurantii Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



463 




COLOCYNTHIS 

1, Part of a compressed cake of colocynth pulp. 2, 
Portions of the pulp free of seed, one piece showing seed 
cavities. 3, Seeds. 



464 



COLOCYNTHIS (Colocyn.) U. S. P. 

English name : Colocynth. 

Synonyms: Colocynth Pulp, Bitter Apple, Colocynth 
Apple. 

Botanical origin: Citrallus {Jolocynthis (Linne) 
Schrader. (Fam. CncurbitacecE.) 

Part used: Dried pulp. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of seed or 2 per 
cent, of epicarp. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 15 per cent. 

Habitat : Mediterranean region and Africa. 

Description : 

Colocynth occurs as compressed cakes or as pieces of variable size 
mixed with epicarp and seeds. The outline of the pieces is irregu- 
lar, and the size of the pieces is variable. The color varies from 
grayish white to yellow. The surface is soft, spongy, and fre- 

?uently rough from depressions caused by seeds. The seeds vary 
rom yellow to greenish brown ; they are ovate in outline and 
laterally compressed. The epicarp is yellow and tough and re- 
sembles dried cucumber rind. The odor is not distinct. The 
taste is very strongly and persistently bitter. 

Constituents: Colocynthin, pectin, gum, fixed oil, 
phosphates, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Colocynthidis ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum (from Extract) ; Dose, 0.25 
Gm. (4 grains). 

Pilulae Catharticae Compositae (from Compound Extract) ; Dose, 
2 pills. 

Pilulre Cathartics Vegetables N. F. (from Compound Extract) '; 
Dose. 2 pills. 

Pilulae Colocynthidis Composite N. F. (from Extract) ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami N. F. (from Extract) ; Dose, 
1 pill. 

Pilulae Colocynthidis et Podophylli N. F. (from Compound Ex- 
tract) ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Laxativa? Post-Partum N. F. (from Compound Extract) ; 
Dose, 1 pill. 



465 




CAPSICUM 

1, Mexican capsicum. 2, Mombasa capsicum. 3, Sierra 
Leone capsicum. 4, Nyassaland capsicum. 5, African 
capsicum. 



466 



CAPSICUM (Caps.) U. S. P. 

English name : Capsicum. 

Synonyms: Red or Cayenne Pepper; Mexican, Mom- 
bassa, African or Sierra Leone Pepper ; Chillies. 

Botanical origin: Capsicum frutescens Linne. (Fam. 

Solanacece.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, ca- 
lyxes, or other foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 15 per cent, of non- volatile ex- 
tractive, soluble in ether. 28 per cent, crude fiber. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. The amount of ash 
insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not exceed 1 
per cent, of the weight of capsicum taken. 

Habitat : South America. 

Description : 

Capsicum occurs as entire fruits attached to and mixed with 
pedicles and calyxes. Capsicum is a berry. The outline varies 
from oval to ovate to oblong-conical. The base is constricted and 
is attached to a pedicel and a persistent five-toothed calyx, or is 
free from these. The apex is acuminate or acute. The fruits vary 
greatly in size. Mexican capsicums measure 19 mm. or less in 
length and 6 mm. or less in diameter. Mombassa capsicums 
measure 18 mm. or less in length and 6 mm. or less in diameter. 
Sierra Leone capsicums measure 19 mm. or less in length and 6 
mm. or less in diameter. Nyassaland capsicums measure 21 mm. 
or less in length and 7 mm. or less in diameter. African capsi 
cums measure 26 mm. in length and 10 mm. in diameter. The 
colors of the different varieties vary. The Mexican variety is deep 
red; the Mombassa variety is mostly light red; the Sierra Leone 
variety is light red, yellow and brown; the Nyassaland variety is 
red, yellow ; the African variety is yellowish brown, red, gray and 
greenish red. The epicarp is thin and tough. The seeds are com- 
pressed and pointed. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent 
and warming. 

Constituents: Proximate principles (capsaicin, cap- 
sicin, etc.), red coloring matter, wax, resin, fixed 
and volatile oils, acids. 

Preparations : 

Emplastrum Capsici (from Oleoresin). 

Oleoresina Capsici; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). 

Tinctura Capsici; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 

Tinctura Capsici et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



467 






SOLANUM 

1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Pedicle and persistent calyx. 
3, Sunken surface of the fruit. 4, Pedicle scar. 5, Seeds. 



468 



SOLANUM (Solan.) N. F. 

English name: Solanum. 
Synonyms : Horse-nettle Berries. 

Botanical origin: Solanum carolinense Linne. (Fam. 

Solanacece.) 
Part used: Ripe fruit. 
Impurities : Noile given officially. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Ontario to Illinois, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Solanum occurs as entire and broken fruits. It is a berry. The 
outline varies from globose to subglobose. The fruits measure 2 
cm. or less in width and 15 mm. in length. The color varies from 
light yellow to orange and to reddish brown. The base is fre- 
quently attached to a pedicel bearing a persistent calyx. The sur- 
face is sunken and shiny and the base frequently has a pedicle 
scar. The pericarp is thin and brittle. The fruit is two-celled and 
many-seeded. The seeds are flattened, slightly reniform and shiny. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (solanine, solanidine), fat, 
resin, volatile oil, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Solani ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



469 




COCCULUS INDICUS 

1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Side view of fruit showing 
the reniform outline. 3, Longitudinal section of the fruit 
with endosperm removed. 4, Cross-section of fruit with en- 
dosperm 5, Cross-section free of endosperm. 



470 



\V* 



COCCULUS INDICUS (Coccul. Ind.) N. F. 

English name : Cocculus Indicus. 

Synonyms : Fish-berry, Indian Berry. 

Botanical origin: Anamirta Cocculus (Linne) Wight 
et Arnott. (Fam. Menispermacece.) 

Part used : Dried fruit. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Ceylon, East Indies. 

Description : 

Cocculus indicus occurs as entire fruits. It is a berry. The out- 
line is broadly reniform. The fruits measure 13 mm. or less in 
length and 10 mm. or less in width. The color varies from light 
gray to brownish black. The surface is rough and wrinkled. The 
convex surface has an indistinct ridge which extends from the 
circular stalk scar to the slightly beaked apex. This ridge appears 
as a narrow, fibrous band when the outer coat has been removed. 
The fruit is one-celled and one-seeded. The pericarp is fibrous. 
The seeds are yellowish gray and urn-shaped; on cross-sections 
they are crescent-shaped. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is bitter and oily. 

Constituents: Fat, alkaloids (menispermine, para- 
menispermine), picrotoxin, cocculin, picrotoxic 
acid, etc. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Cocculi Indici (for external use). 



471 




•vm: 



I 



1*1111**1 ****** 



»#»»»»»»»>*♦>»»» 



FCENICULUM 

1, Wild fennel (unofficial). 2, Russian fennel. 3, Levant 
fennel. 4, German fennel. 5, Spanish fennel. 6, Pedicle. 



472 



FCENICULUM (Fcenic.) U. S. P. 

English name : Fennel. 

Synonyms : Fennel Seed. 

Botanical origin: Foeniculum vulgar -e Mille. (Fam. 
Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 4 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Southern Europe and Asia; United States, 
New Jersey, south to Florida and Texas. 

Description : 

Fennel occurs as mericarps and cremocarps. Fennel is a cremo- 
carp. The outline varies from elliptical to oblong-cylindrical. The 
cremocarps are 16 mm. or less in length, 6 mm. or less in width, 
and 3 mm. or less in thickness. The color varies from yellow to 
greenish brown. The dorsal surface has three strongly elevated 
ribs ; the lateral surface has two ribs. The commissural surface 
is slightly grooved and has alternate bands of a light and dark 
color. The apex of each mericarp has slender stylopodium. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, fixed oil, sugar, etc. 
Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Aqua Foeniculi; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 

Infusum Senna? Compositum ; Dose, 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). 

Oleum Foeniculi; Dose, 0.2 mils (3 min.). 



473 



^ 




CARUM 

1, Fruits of variable size. 2, Several meriearps. 



474 



CARUM (Car.) U. S. P. 

English name : Caraway. 

Synonyms: Caraway Seed. 

Botanical origin: Carum Carvi Linne. (Fam. Umbel- 
lifer CB.) 

Part used : Dried fruit. 

Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of other fruits, 
seeds or foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: North America, south to Pennsylvania and 
Colorado. 

Description : 

Caraway occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremocarps. 
Caraway is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is oblong; 
it tapers toward either end and is laterally compressed. The 
mericarps are crescent-shaped. The mericarps measure 8 mm. or 
less in length and 2 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies 
from gray to purplish brown. The outer curved surface has five 
yellowish narrow ribs, between which are five indistinct ribs. The 
commissural surface has a light-colored ridge in the center parallel 
to its length. The mericarps are five-angled on cross-section. The 
layers are not distinguishable. The odor is aromatic. The taste 
is pungent. 

Constituents: Fat, resin, gum, tannin, sugar, volatile 
oil, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Cari; Dose. 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



47.', 




§ § ft • • • 

*yl i 1 f ' i i # 

ANGELICA FRUCTUS 

1, European angelica. 2, Several mericarps showing the 
three large central ribs. 3. American angelica (Angelica 
atropurpurea) . 



476 



c£.) N. 



ANGELICA FRUCTUS (Angel. Fruct.) N. F. 

English name : Angelica Fruit. 

Synonyms: European Angelica Seed. 

Botanical origin : Angelica Archangelica Linne and of 
other species of Angelica. (Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Northern Europe. 

Description : 

Angelica fruit occurs as mericarps, rarely as cremocarps. Angelica 
is a cremocarp. The outline varies from oval to oblong. The 
cremocarps measure 6 mm. or less in width, 2.5 mm. or less 
in thickness, and 10 mm. or less in length. The color varies from 
greenish yellow to greenish brown. The dorsal surface has three 
large elevated ribs, the lateral surface two broad ribs. The com- 
missural surface is grooved and the apex of the cremocarps has five 
minute calyx teeth. The base of each jnericarp is slightly notched. 
The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is tingling and very 
strongly pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, etc. 
Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

None. 



477 




ANISUM 



1, Italian aniseed in mass. 2, _ 

mericarps. 3, Russian aniseed. 4, Several cremocarps 

and mericarps. 



Several cremocarps and 



478 



ANISUM (Anis.) U. S. P. 

English name : Anise. 

Synonyms: Aniseed. 

Botanical origin: Pimpinella Anisum Linne. (Fam. 
Umbelliferce.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit, dried. 

Impurities : Not more than 3 per cent, of foreign seeds 
or other vegetable matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. 

Description : 

Anise occurs as a mixture of entire cremocarps and mericarps 
attached to or separated from long pedicels. Anise is a cremocarp. 
The outline of the cremocarps and mericarps is ovate-lanceolate. 
The cremocarps measure 7 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. 
or less in width at the hase. The Russian anise is uniformly 
shorter and broader than the Spanish variety. The color of the 
Italian, Spanish and Levant anise is grayish yellow, of the Rus- 
sian anise dark grayish brown. The outer surface has five light 
yellow ribs. The apex is constricted and surmounted by a disk 
and a persistent style. The layers of the mericarp are not dis- 
tinct. The odor is sweet aromatic. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, fixed oil, sugar, resin, etc. 
Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Preparations : 

Aqua Anisi; Dose, 15 mils (4 fi. drs.). 

Elixir Anisi N. F. ; Dose (Infant's) 1 mil (15 min.). 

Oleum Anisi; Dose. 0.2 mil (3 min.). 

Spiritus Anisi (from Oil) ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



479 



■ 

>• -^ , ^ ■ ^"^ ' *£ *v. , ,-m-\ ^L ' 


.V-»- ". t;'^; : |V3 ••' #&.£ t ;% \ it'* 




-> * • 7*> ■- «■ • . * £L - --■ . ***« ♦ - 5 - 
■-2 ■ ' >.#■' •- :-f<\ *£ *% -?*> *T»*f *" 5 



PETROSELINUM 

1, Numerous fruits. 2, Several cremocarps and mericarps. 



480 



PETROSELINUM (Petrosel.) U. S. P. 






English name : Parsley Fruit. 

Synonyms: Parsley Seed. 

Botanical origin: Petroselinum sativum Hoffmann. 
(Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Ripe fruit, dried. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign seeds 
or other matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Southern Europe; North America, Ontario 
south to North Carolina and Texas. 

Description : 

Parsley Fruit occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremo- 
carps. Parsley is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is 
ovate, of the mericarps curved and tapering. The meri- 
carps measure 4 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in 
diameter at the base. The color varies from yellow to greenish 
brown. The outer surface has five yellow narrow ribs, between 
which the surface is elevated and rounded. The commissural sur- 
face is slightly channeled. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
pungent. 

Constituents: Fixed oil and volatile oil containing 
apiol, tannin, resin, glucoside, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Oleoresina Petroselini : 



Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.), 



481 




CONIUM 



1, Many fruits of variable size. 
3, Pedicle. 4, Small fruits. 



2, Several cremocarps. 



CONIUM N. F. 

English name : Conium. 

Synonyms : Poison Hemlock. 

Botanical origin: Conium maculatum Linne. (Fam. 
Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Unripe fruit. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of coniine. Unfit 
for use after being kept for more than two years. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America, south to 
Mexico. 

Description : 

Conium occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremocarps. 
Conium is a cremocarp. The outline of the cremocarps is broadly 
ovate. The fruits measure 3 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. or 
less in diameter. The color varies from green to grayish brown. 
The outer convex surface of the mericarp has five light yellow 
wavy ribs, between which the surface is wrinkled. The com- 
missural surface is concave and longitudinally grooved. Sections 
of the mericarps are angled. The layers must be studied micro- 
scopically. The odor is mouse-like when moistened with an alkali. 
The taste is slightly bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (coniine, conhydrine, etc.), 
fixed oil and volatile oil, etc. 

Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Conii; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (% grain). 
Fluidextractum Cpnii ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



483 




APII FRUCTUS 

1, Numerous fruits. 2, Cremocarps. 3, Mericarp. 



484 



APII FRUCTUS (Apii Fruct.) N. F. 

English name : Celery Fruit. 
Synonyms : Celery Seed. 

Botanical origin: Apium graveolens Linne. (Fam. 

TJmbelliferce.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of foreign 
fruit or other matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe; widely cultivated. 

Description : 

Celery Fruit occurs as a mixture of entire mericarps and cremo 
carps. Celery is a cremocarp. The outline of the mericarps is 
nearly globular. The mericarps are curved, and when viewed 
from the outer surface they are ovate. The cremocarps measure 
2 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in diameter. The 
mericarps measure 1.5 mm. or less in length and 1 mm. or less 
in width. The color is dark brown. The outer surface has five 
light yellow ribs and is convex. The commissural surface is nearly 
flat and frequently has a slender stylopodium adhering to it. The 
layers of the mericarp are not distinguishable. The odor is aro- 
matic. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile and fixed oils, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gra. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Apii Fructus; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



485 






'% >^ 



**? 



* # » # C * 




1 '" if f t% 



§ # # I fe #<»^ 

CORIANDRUM 

1, Small coriander. 2, Coriander of a normal size. 3, 
Indian coriander (not official). 



486 



I 

CORIANDRUM (Coriand.) U. S. P. 

English name: Coriander. 
Synonyms : Coriander Seed. 

Botanical origin: Coriandrum sativum Linne. (Fam. 

Umbelliferce.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of other fruits, 
seeds, or foreign matter. 

Assay: Not less than 0.5 per cent, of ether-soluble 
volatile extractive. 

Ash : Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia ; cultivated extensively. 

Description : , 

Coriander occurs as entire cremocarps. Coriander is a cremocarp. 
The outline of the cremocarps is globular. They measure up to 
6 mm. in diameter. The color of the base is light yellowish 
brown, of the upper portion reddish purple. The outer surface of 
the mericarps has five thick, straight ribs and four slightly ele- 
vated, wavy ribs. The apex has a short stylopodium and five 
minute calyx teeth. The commissural surface is concave. The 
layers are not distinct. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, mucilage, malic 
acid, tannin, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Coriandri; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



487 




CASSIA FISTULA 



1, 2, Grooves and r 
Short stout pedicle. ! 
and several seeds. 4 
pulp. 5, Shiny seed. 



on one side of the fruit. 3, 
(lower), Shows the cross partitions 
Round disk (portion) covered with 

488 



CASSIA FISTULA (Cass. Fist) N. F. 

English name : Cassia Fistula. 

Synonyms : Purging Cassia, Cassia Pods. 

Botanical origin: Cathartocarpus Fistula (Linne) 
Persoon. (Fam. Leguminoscc.) 

Part used : Dried fruit. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: East and West Indies, Africa and South 
America. 

Description : 

Cassia fistula occurs as a mixture of entire and broken fruits. It 
is a legume. The outline is oblong-cylindrical. The legumes 
measure 7 dm. or less in length and 2 1 mm. or less in diameter. 
The color varies from reddish brown to nearly black. The base 
of the capsule is constricted and is frequently attached to a por- 
tion of the short, stout pedicel. The apex is acute. The surface 
of one side of the legume has three grooves and two rounded 
ridges running parallel to its length. The opposite surface has 
two shallow grooves and one rounded parallel ridge. The curved 
surface is sunken and fissured. The legume is divided trans- 
versely into numerous compartments, each containing a hard, 
shiny, brownish black, flattened seed imbedded in a black, sweet 
pulp. The pericarp is fibrous. The odor is aromatic. The taste 
is sweet. 

Constituents : Sugar, mucilage, pectin, tannin, etc. 
Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 
Preparations : 

Syrupus Rhamni Catharticae; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



489 




VANILLA 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Types of commercial vanilla beans. 7, 
Wild vanilla bean. 



490 



VANILLA N. F. 

English name : Vanilla. 

Synonyms: Vanilla Bean. 

Botanical origin: Vanilla planifolia Andrews. (Fam. 
Orchidacece.) 

Part used : Cured, full-grown, unripe fruit. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : Extractive yielded to dilute alcohol should not 
be less than 12 per cent. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Eastern Mexico; cultivated extensively in 
tropics. 

Description : 

Vanilla occurs as entire fruits arranged in bundles and tied with 
thread. Vanilla is a capsule. The outline is linear; the narrow- 
est portion is a curved or twisted base; from this point the pod 
expands, then narrows abruptly at the apex. The fruits measure 
28 cm. or less in length and 10 mm. or less in diameter. The 
color varies from brownish black to black. The surface is smooth, 
moist, shiny and longitudinally furrowed; occasionally the surface 
has isolated brown cork patches and white crystals of vanillin. 
In some varieties the pods are split longitudinally and the surface 
is dry. The epicarp is thick and tough. The sarcocarp is soft 
and fleshy. The endocarp has placentae with numerous seeds. 
The seeds are irregular in outline, brownish black and reticulate. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents: Vanillin, vanillinic acid, balsam, resin, 
fixed oil, etc. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Vanillae (flavoring agent). 



491 




PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS 



1, Yellowish white spotted placentae, 
disk. 3, Cross-section of a fruit. 



2, Persistent stigma 



492 



PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS (Papav. Fruct.) N. F. 

English name : Poppy Capsules. 

Synonyms : Poppy Fruits. 

Botanical origin: Papaver somniferum Linne. (Fam. 
Papav eracece.) 

Part used : Unripe fruit, free of seeds. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat: Western Asia; extensively cultivated in 
Asia, China, etc. 

Description : 

Poppy Capsules occur entire or crushed. Poppy fruits are cap- 
sules". The base is constricted and stem -like and is frequently 
united with a short, yellow, fibrous stalk. They have a maximum 
diameter of 6 cm. The apex has a persistent stigma disk with 
from seven to fifteen stigma rays. The outline varies from oval 
to globular. The size is variable. The surface is yellowish and 
has scattered black spots and as many longitudinal furrows as 
there are rays to the stigma. The pericarp is thick and grayish 
yellow. The placentae are yellowish brown, dotted with numerous 
brown spots, which are the points of attachment of the seed to the 
placenta. The seeds must not be used. They are white, reniform 
and reticulate. The odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Small quantities of opium bases and 
other opium constituents. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Papaveris ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



193 





3 



XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS 

1, Numerous fruits of southern prickly ash; the seeds 
are rough and pitted. 2, 3, Clusters of sessile follicles of 
the southern variety. 4, Stalked capsules of the north- 
ern variety. 5, Smooth seed of the northern variety. 



494 



XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS (Xanthox. Fruct.) N. F. 

English name : Prickly Ash Berries. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis Linne 
and Xanthoxylum americanum Miller. (Fam. 

Rutacece.) 

Part used : Dried fruit. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Virginia to Arkansas, south to Florida and 
Texas. 

Description : 

Prickly Ash Berries occur as a mixture of entire fruits with 
follicles, solitary or in clusters, and usually separated from the 
seeds. Prickly ash is a follicle. The outline of the capsules is 
globular to globose-oblong. They measure 8 mm. or less in 
length. The color varies from yellow to greenish brown. The 
base has a small scar and is sessile. The apex is usually split 
along both sides, and the split edges turn inward. The outer sur- 
face of the follicle is rough, and has numerous circular, de- 
pressed oil cavities. The inner surface of the follicle is smooth. 
The seeds are black, shiny and wrinkled. The outer layer of the 
seed is black; the inner layer brown, the central part hollow. 
The odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. 

Constituents : Not investigated ; probably same as of 
the bark. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

None. 



495 



^ 




JUNIPERUS 

1, Mass of fruits. 2, Triangular depression at the apex. 
3, Bracts at the base 'of the fruit. 4, Fruit cut to show 
the three seeds. 5, A seed. 6, A leaf. 



496 



JUNIPERUS (Junip.) N. F. 

English name: Juniper Berries. 

Synonyms : Horse Savin Berries. 

Botanical origin: Juniperus communis Linne. (Fam. 
Pinacece.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities: Old or insect-infected fruit, which should 
be rejected. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe, Asia, North America, south to 
Georgia and New Mexico. 

Description : 

Juniper Berries occur as entire fruits. Juniper is a galbalus. 
The outline varies from globular to subglobular. The fruits meas- 
ure 1 cm. or less in diameter. The color varies from dark red to 
purple; frequently the surface has a grayish bloom. The hose is 
attached to a short pedicle having six bracts. The apex has a 
triangular depression marking the line of union of the three scales 
forming the fruit. The surface is smooth, shiny, even or sunken. 
The outer layers of the fruit are greenish brown and spongy. 
The three seeds are three-sided and acute above, and are sur- 
rounded by the spongy outer layers of the fruit. The odor is 
aromatic. The taste is sweet and pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, proteids, coloring 
matter, acids, etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Juniperi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Oleum Juniperi U. S. P.; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 

Spiritus Juniperi U. S. P.; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus U. S. P.; Dose, 10 mils (2^ fi.drs.). 



497 




HUMULUS 

1, Three fruits of variable size. 2, Flexuous and hairy 
rachis. 3, Incurved margin of the bract inclosing a seed. 
4, Fragments of the leaf. 



498 



HUMULUS (Humul.) U. S. P. 

English name : Hops. 

Synonyms : Lupulus. 

Botanical origin: Humulus Lupulus Linne. (Fam. 
Moracece.) 

Part used: Dried fruit. 

Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves, 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe, Asia ; extensively cultivated in east- 
ern United States. . 

Description : 

Hops occurs as a mixture of entire compressed and broken fruits. 
Hops is a strobulus. The outline varies from ovate to oblong- 
cylindrical. The fruits measure 5.8 cm. or less in length and 3 
cm. or less in width. The color varies from yellowish green to 
yellowish brown. The bracts are imbricated in the fruit. The 
individual bracts are thin and papery ; the veins are elevated, one 
margin is flat, and the other is incurved and encloses a rose- 
colored achene. The outline of the bracts varies from nearly 
rotund to oblong-ovate. The rachis is flexuous and hairy. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and bitter. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, tannin, wax, choline, 
pectin, asparagin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Humuli N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Pluidextractum Humuli N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Lupulinum; Dose, 0.5 6m. (8 grains). 
Tinctura Humuli; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



499 




FICUS 

1 and 2, Several figs. 3, Fig cut to show seeds. 



500 






FICUS N. F. 

English name: Fig. 
Synonyms : None. 

Botanical origin: Ficus Carica Linne. (Fam. Mo- 

racece.) 

Part used: Fruit, partially dried. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Western Asia ; cultivated in California. 

Description : 

Figs occur as the compressed entire fruits. The fig is a syconium. 
The outline varies from globular to obovate. Figs measure 8 cm. 
or less in length and 6 cm. or less in width. The color varies 
from yellow to light brown. The surface is smooth, moist, or dry; 
if dry, the surface may be powdery with sugar. It is longitudi- 
nally striated and wrinkled. The base is constricted into a short, 
stalk-like portion. The outer layer of the torus is tough and 
pliable, the inner layer soft and sticky. The inner surface has 
numerous seeds. The seeds are shiny, yellowish brown achenes 
which measure 0.5 mm. or less in length. The odor of figs is 
aromatic. The taste is very sweet. 

Constituents: Glucose, gum, fat, peptonizing ferment 
(cradin), etc. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Ficorum Compositum; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



501 



,^^ 




RUBI FRUCTUS 

1. Several fruits. 2, Cross-section of a fruit. 3, Longi- 
tudinal section of a fruit. 



502 



^v 



^^ 



RUBI FRUCTUS N. F. 

English name : Blackberries. 

Synonyms : High Bush Blackberries. 

Botanical origin: Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey or Rubus 
villosus Aiton. (Fam. Rosacea.) 

Part used : Ripe fruit. 

Impurities f None given. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Europe ; cultivated in United States. 

Description : 

Fresh Blackberries occur in the entire condition. The blackberry 
is an aggregate fruit. The outline is oval or globate. The berry 
measures 25 mm. or less in length. The drupelets are numerous, 
black, and shining ; they measure 5 mm. or less in diameter. The 
pericarp is smooth. The mesocarp is juicy; the juice is purplish 
red in color. The endocarp is black and hard, and encloses ono 
seed. The torus is fleshy and elongated. In cross-sections it is 
nearly cylindrical. The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. 

Dose : None given officially. 
Preparations : 

Cordiale Rubi Fructus ; Dose 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Rubi Fructus (flavoring agent). 



503 



^ .^ 




RUBI IDiEI FRUCTUS 

1, Mass of fruits. 2, Outer surface of the fruit. 3, 
Under surface. 4, Longitudinal section. 



504 



RUBI IDiEI FRUCTUS N. F. 

English name : Raspberries. 

Synonyms : Red Raspberries. 

Botanical origin: Rubus Idceus Linne or Rubus strigo- 
sus Michaux. (Fam. Rosacece.) 

Part used : Fresh ripe fruit. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Cultivated in United States. 

Description : 

Raspberries occur in the entire condition. The fruit is aggre- 
gate. The outline is elongated-hemispheric. It measures 2 cm. 
or less in length. The drupelets are numerous and light red, and 
measure 4 mm. or less in lengthy The pericarps are hairy. The 
mesocarp is juicy; the juice is red in color. The endocarp is 
bony and encloses one seed. The inner surface of the fruit is 
hollow. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Malic and citric acids, sugar, coloring 
matter, etc. 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Rubi Idaei (flavoring agent). 



5or> 




TAMARINDUS 



1, Entire fruit. 
Mass of pulp. 
5, Seed. 



2, Fruit with the pericarp removed. 3, 
4, Membrane which incloses the seed. 



506 



TAMARINDUS (Tamarind.) N. F. 

. English name : Tamarind. 

Synonyms : Tamarind Pulp. 

Botanical origin: Tamarindus indica Linne. (Fam. 
Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Preserved pulp of the fruit. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: India, Africa, and West Indies. 

Description : 

Tamarind occurs as a mass of fibers, pulp and seed. Tamarind 
is a capsule. When entire the outline is oblong and constricted 
transversely. When the pericarp is removed the pulp is reddish 
brown and the fibrous strands are distinct. In the commercial 
drug this portion is crushed and pressed into cakes or irregular 
masses. The crushed portion consists of fibers, pulp and seeds. 
The fibers are yellowish brown and tough. The pulp is reddish 
brown and soft. The seeds are compressed, reddish brown and 
shiny, and the convex central part is surrounded by a nearly flat 
marginal portion. The membrane which usually encloses the seed 
is yellowish and tough. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet 
and sour. 

Constituents: Citric, tartaric and malic acids, potas- 
sium bitartrate, sugar, pectin, etc. 

Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 

Preparations : 

None. 



507 



^d 




1, Entire fruit. 
Mass of pulp. 
5, Seed. 



TAMARINDUS 



Fruit with the pericarp removed. 3, 
Membrane which incloses the seed. 



506 



TAMARINDUS (Tamarind.) N. F. 

English name : Tamarind. 
Synonyms : Tamarind Pulp. 

Botanical origin: Tamarindus indica Linne. (Fam. 

LeguminoscB. ) 

Part used : Preserved pulp of the fruit. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : India, Africa, and West Indies. 

Description : 

Tamarind occurs as a mass of fibers, pulp and seed. Tamarind 
is a capsule. When entire the outline is oblong and constricted 
transversely. When the pericarp is removed the pulp is reddish 
brown and the fibrous strands are distinct. In the commercial 
drug this portion is crushed and pressed into cakes or irregular 
masses. The crushed portion consists of fibers, pulp and seeds. 
The fibers are yellowish brown and tough*. The pulp is reddish 
brown and soft. The seeds are compressed, reddish brown and 
shiny, and the convex central part is surrounded by a nearly flat 
marginal portion. The membrane which usually encloses the seed 
is yellowish and tough. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet 
and sour. 

Constituents: Citric, tartaric and malic acids, potas- 
sium bitartrate, sugar, pectin, etc. 

Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 

Preparations : 

None. 



507 



SUCCUS CITRI (Sue. Cit.) N. F. 

English name : Lime Juice. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Citrus medica acida (Roxburgh) 
Bonavia. (Fam. Rutacece.) 

Part used: Expressed juice of the ripe fruit. 

Impurities: None officially mentioned. 

Assay: 100 mils (Cc.) contains 5 to 10 Gm. of total 
acids calculated as crystallized citric acid. 

Ash : None officially stated. 

Description : 

Clear to slightly turbid liquid, of yellowish green color, aromatic 
odor and acid taste. Specific gravity 1.025 to 1.040 at 25° C. 

Constituents : Citric acid, etc. 
Dose : None stated officially. 
Preparations : 

Succus Citri et Pepshmm; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



508 



SUCCUS POMORUM (Sue. Pomor.) N. F. 

English name : Fresh Apple Juice. 

Synonyms: Fresh Cider. 

Botanical origin: Pyrus Malus Linne. (Fam. Ro- 
sacea.) 

Part used : Juice of sound, ripe, sour apples. 

Impurities: None. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None mentioned. 

Description : 

Well known to all. 

Constituents : Malic acid, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Enters into Extractum Ferri Pomati. 



509 



K 



CHAPTER XIV 

SEEDS 

IN the study of seeds the following must be consid- 
ered : Occurrence, class, outline, size, color, surface, 
cross-section, odor and taste. 

1. Occurrence. Seeds occur in the entire condition 
(usual condition), as in calabar bean, or broken, as in 
strophanthus, or crushed and molded into sticks, as 
in guarana, or as separated parts of seed, as in kola 
and mace. 

2. Class. This refers to whether the embryo 
(young plant) comprises the entire seed with the ex- 
ception of the outer protective layers, in which case 
it is said to be exalbuminous, or whether the embryo 
only partially fills the space within the seed coats, the 
remaining space being occupied by stored food. Seeds 
having an embryo surrounded by stored food are said 
to be albuminous. All seeds, then, are either exal- 
buminous or albuminous. In the present volume the 
seeds are divided into these two classes: (1) Albumi- 
nous and (2) Exalbuminous Seeds. 

Nux vomica seed is a typical albuminous seed. The 
embryo is here shown surrounded by the stored food. 

Physostigma is a typical exalbuminous seed. The 
embryo completely fills the space within the seed coats. 

3. Outline. The outlines of seeds vary greatly. In 
most cases the outline is made up of curved surfaces, 
as in nutmeg, or of plane surfaces, as in staphisagria, 
or of plane and curved surfaces, as in coffee. 

The characteristic outline of each seed is given in 
the description. 

4. Size. The length varies from 38 mm., as in 
physostigma, to less than a millimeter, as in the 
smaller seeds of black mustard. The width varies 
from 30 mm., as in nux vomica, to less than a milli- 

510 



meter, as in black mustard. The thickness varies from 
24 mm., as in Penang nutmeg, to less than one-half a 
millimeter, as in the tips of brown strophanthus. 

5. Color. The colors of the different seeds are 
characteristic for each seed. Grays, yellows, browns 
and blacks are the most common colors. 

6. Surface. The surface of brown mustard is 
finely reticulate; of staphisagria, coarsely reticulate; 
of nutmeg, furrowed; of coffee, grooved on the flat 
side ; of delphinium, winged. In addition the surface 
is hairy, as in nux vomica, brown and green strophan- 
thus, sweet almond and in some varieties of pumpkin 
seed. Or the surface may be glabrous (free of hairs), 
as in calabar bean, yellow and brown mustard, coffee, 
colchicum seed, linseed and cardamom seed. 

7. Cross-section. The cross-section of nutmeg is 
mottled ; of coffee, folded ; of calabar bean, hollow ; in 
colchicum and most seeds it is solid. 

8. Odor. The odor of nutmegs, cardamom, coffee 
and mace is strongly aromatic. Strophanthus, pump- 
kin and sweet almonds are slightly aromatic. White 
and black mustard are aromatic when moistened. Nux 
vomica, ignatia, staphisagria, delphinium, colchicum, 
linseed and physostigma have no characteristic odor. 

9. Taste. The taste of nutmeg, cardamom and 
mace is pungent ; of white and black mustard pungent 
when moist. Sweet almond and linseed are sweet. 
Kola is astringent. Nux vomica, ignatia, brown and 
green strophanthus are strongly bitter. Guarana is 
bitter and astringent. Staphisagria, delphinium and 
colchicum seed are bitter and acrid. Kola is astrin- 
gent and physostigma is acrid. 



511 




MYRISTICA 

1, Penang nutmegs. 2, Round West India nutmegs. 3, 
Banda nutmegs. 4, Longitudinal, cross and a broken 
surface of the seed. 5, Upper part of the seed. 6, 
Base of the seed. 7, Wormy seed. 



512 



MYRISTICA (Myrist.) U. S. P. 

English name : Myristica. 

Synonyms : Nutmeg, Round Nutmeg. 

Botanical origin: Myristica fragrans Houttuyn. 
(Fam. MyristicacecB.) 

Part used: Ripe seeds. 

Impurities: Reject broken or wormy kernels. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Molucca Islands ; cultivated in tropical coun- 
tries. 

Description : 

Myristica occurs as entire seeds. Nutmeg is an albuminous seed. 
The base of the seed is sunken and has a slightly convex gray scar 
dotted with brown. The apex is rounded, and at one side has a 
circular, sunken brown scar. The outline varies from globular to 
oval to ellipsoidal. The size of the different varieties of nutmegs 
differs. The Padang and West Indian nutmegs measure 21 mm. or 
less in width and 26 mm. or less in length. Banda nutmegs meas- 
ure 28 mm. or less in length and 21 mm. or less in width. Penang 
nutmegs measure 30 mm. or less in length and 24 mm. or less in 
diameter. The color of nutmegs varies from grayish brown to pur- 
ple. The surface is furrowed and deeply grooved along one side. 
Cross-sections have a mottled surface. This condition is caused, by 
reddish brown radial lines and by yellow and gray areas. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is strongly pungent. 

Constituents: Volatile and fixed oils, proteids, gum, 
starch, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Myristicae; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



513 




NUX VOMICA 

1, Ceylon nux vomica. 2, Bombay seeds. 3, Singapore 
seeds. 4, Nux vomica sorts. 5, Cross-sections of the 
seed. 6, Embryo. 7, Outer layer. 



514 



1 



NUX VOMICA (Nux. Vom.) U. S. P. 

English name : Nux Vomica. 

Synonyms: Dog Buttons, Quaker Buttons, Strychni 
semen P. I. 

Botanical origin: Strychnos Nux-vomicaliiime. (Fam. 
Loganiacece, ) 

Part used : Ripe seed. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 2.5 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash: Not more than 3.5 per cent. 

Habitat: India, East India and China. - 

Description : 

Nux vomica occurs as entire, rarely as broken, seeds. Nux 
vomica is an albuminous seed. The outline varies from len- 
ticular to oblong. Nux vomica has a maximum width of 30 mm. 
and a maximum thickness of 6 mm. The texture is bony. The 
color varies from gray to yellowish gray or green. The surface is 
smooth and shiny because of appressed hairs; on both of the flat 
sides there are ridges (raphes) which extend from about the center 
to the edge. Nux vomica has no fracture. When cut parallel 
to the flat surfaces the perisperm is separated into two parts and 
the small embryo with thin yellowish white cotyledons is distinct. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is very strong and persist- 
ently bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (strychnine, brucine), fixed 
oil, proteids, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae; Dose, 0.015 Gm. (^4 grain). 
Fluidextractum Nucis Vomica?; Dose, 0.05 mil (1 min.). 
Tinctura Nucis Vomica?; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



515 




IGNATIA 

1, 2, Numerous seeds. 3, Depressed stem scar. 4, 
Broken surface. 



516 



IGNATIA (Ignat.) N. F. 

English name : Ignatia. 

Synonyms : St. Ignatius Bean, Ignatia Amara. 

Botanical origin: Strychnos Ignatii Bergius. (Fam. 
Loganiacece.) 

Part used : Ripe seed. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 2 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat : Philippine Islands and parts of China. 

Description : 

Ignatia occurs as entire seeds. Ignatia is an albuminous seed. 
The base of the seed is oblique, rounded or concave, and it has a 
circular, depressed scar. The apex is rounded or truncate. The 
outline varies from rotund to oval to oblong to triangular, etc. 
Ignatia measures 31 mm. or less in length and 20 mm. or less in 
width. The color varies from gray to brownish black. The sur- 
face is dull, rough and concavo-convex; the broken surface is 
grayish yellow and waxy. The odor is not characteristic. The 
taste is very strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (strychnine, brucine), etc.. 
like nux vomica. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Ignatiae; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V2 grain). 
Tinctura Ignatiae; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 



517 



r 




1, Several seeds of Arabian coffee. 2, Seeds of Arabian 
coffee of variable size. 3, Liberian coffee. 4, Liberian 
coffee of variable size. 5, Grooved surface. 



?Wi 



COFFEA TOSTA (Coff. Tost.) N. F. 

English name : Coffee. 

Synonyms: Roasted Coffee. 

Botanical origin: Coffea arabica Linne or Coffea 
liberica Bulliard. (Fam. Rubiacece.) 

Part used : Ripe seed roasted until it develops a dark- 
brown color and a characteristic aroma. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 1 per cent, of caffeine. 

Ash: Not less than 3 per cent, nor more than 5 per 
cent. 

Habitat: Africa; cultivated in tropical countries 
(Mocha, Java, Ceylon and Brazil). 

Description : 

Coffee occurs as entire seeds. Coffee is an albuminous seed. 
The outline varies from rotund to oval to oblong. The arabica 
variety measures 11 mm. or less in length and 9 mm. or less in 
■width. The liberica variety measures 16 mm. or less in length 
and 12 mm. or less in diameter. The color is yellowish brown. 
The surface is convex on one side and flat and* grooved on the 
opposite side. The grooved portion is frequently a fragment of 
the seed coat. On cross-sections the perisperm is in two parts 
and it is folded and rolled inward. The odor is aromatic. The 
taste is bitter. 

Constituents : Caffeine, caffeo-tannic acid, caffeol, 
sugar, dextrin, fat, proteids, volatile oil, etc. 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Coffea?; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



519 




STAPHISAGRIA 

1, Numerous fruits. 2, 3, Fruit with several seeds. 4, 
Seeds without the pericarp. 5, Single seed. 6, Stem. 



520 






STAPHISAGRIA (Staphisag.) U. S. P. 

English name : Staphisagria. 

Synonyms: Stavesacre. 

Botanical origin: Delphinium Staphisagria Linne. 
(Fam. Ranunculacece.) 

Part used: Ripe seeds. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of foreign vege- 
table matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Mediterranean Region; cultivated. 

Description : 

Staphisagria occurs as solitary or grouped entire seeds. Staves- 
acre is an albuminous seed. The outline is variable. One sur- 
face is curved, the others plane and angled. One end is tapering 
or acute, the opposite rounded or truncate. The seeds measure 
10 mm. or less in length and 8 mm. or less in width. The color 
varies from gray to yellow to brown. The surface is coarsely 
reticulate. The testa is thick. The perisperm is bluish gray. The 
odor is not distinct. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Fixed oil, volatile oil, resins, alkaloids 
(delphinine, delphinoidine, staphisagrine, etc.), 
proteids, malic acid, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Staphisagria?. (Used externally.) 



521 



*d^ 







DELPHINIUM 

1, Field larkspur. 2, 3, Garden larkspur (Delphinium 
Ajacis) . 



522 



DELPHINIUM (Delphin.) N. F. 

English name : Larkspur Seed. 

Synonyms: Field Larkspur, Staggerweed, Knight's- 
spur. 

Botanical origin: Delphinium Consolida Linne, Del- 
phinium Ajacis Linne. (Fam. Ranunculacece.) 

Part used : Dried seeds. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe; naturalized in the United States, 
New Jersey south to Florida, west to Kansas. 

Description : 

Larkspur Seed occurs as entire seeds. It is an albuminous seed. 
The base is broad and has a circular, depressed scar. The apex 
is acute. The outline is angularly conical, usually four-sided. The 
size is variable. The giant ajacis species measure 2 mm. or less 
in length and 2 mm. or less in width. The dwarf ajacis species 
measure 1.5 mm. or less in length and 1 mm. or less in width. 
The consolida species measure 3 mm. or less in length and 2 mm. 
or less in width. The color of the giant ajacis seeds is dark brown- 
ish black, of the dwarf ajacis seeds and consolida seeds the color 
varies from gray to brown to black. The surface of all varieties 
is prominently and transversely winged. The outer layer of the 
6eed is dark, the inner layer bluish gray. The odor is not dis- 
tinct. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids, volatile and fixed oils, gum, 
resin, gallic acid, etc. 

Dose : Not used internally. 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Delphinii. (Used externally.) 



523 




COLCHICI SEMEN 

1, Numerous seeds. 2, Seeds of variable size. 



524 



COLCHICI SEMEN (Colch. Sem.) , P. 



English name : Colchicum Seed. 
Synonyms: Colchici semen P. I. ^ -r, 

Botanical origin: Colchicum autumnale Linne. (Fam. 

LiliaceoB.) 

Part used : Dried seeds. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 0.45 per cent, of colchicine. 

Ash : Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat : Central and Southern Europe and Africa. 

Description : 

Colchicum Seeds occur as entire seeds. Colchicum seed is albumi- 
nous. The base is pointed and grayish white. The apex is rounded. 
The outline varies from globular to subglobular. The seeds meas- 
ure 3 mm. or less in length and 2.5 mm. or less in width. The 
color varies from yellowish brown to brownish black. The surface 
is dull and granular in appearance. Sections of the seed have 
a thin, dark outer layer, and a gray, hard, bony inner layer. The 
odor is not characteristic. The taste is bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Colchicine, fixed oil, starch, tannin, 
resin, etc. 

Dose: 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis ; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 
Tinctura Colchici Seminis; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Vinum Colchici Seminis N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 



525 




LINUM 

1, Mass of seeds. 2, Seeds of different form and size. 



526 



1 



LINUM U. S. P. 

... 
English name : Linseed. 

Synonyms: Flaxseed. 

Botanical origin: Linum usitatissimum Linne. (Fam. 

Linacece.) 

Part used: Kipe seeds. 

Impurities: Not more than 3 per cent, of other seeds 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 

Habitat: Russia, Canada and United States; culti- 
vated in almost all temperate regions. 

Description: 

Linseed occurs as entire seeds. Linseed is an exalbuminous seed. 
The base is round. The margin is rounded on one edge and acute 
on the other. The apex is acuminate on one side and constricted 
on the other; this gives the seed a beaked appearance. The out- 
line is ovate-lanceolate. The color varies from yellowish to reddish 
brown. The surface is smooth ; the acute edge is yellowish. The 
testa is brown and thick. The perisperm and cotyledons are yel- 
lowish green. The odor is slight. The taste is slightly sweet, 
mucilaginous and oily. 

Constituents: Fixed oil, mucilage, proteids, resin, 
tannin, etc. 

Dose: None given. 

Preparations : 

Oleum Lini; Dose, 30 mils (1 fi. oz.). 



527 



^J 




STROPHANTHUS (GREEN) 

1, Numerous seeds. 2, Seeds of variable form and size. 



528 



"1 

■ 



STROPHANTHUS (Strophanti) U. S. P. 
(1) Green Strophanthus 

English name : Strophanthus. 

Synonyms : Green Strophanthus. 

Botanical origin: Strophanthus Kombe Oliver. (Fam. 
Apocynacece.) 

Part used: Ripe seeds, deprived of the long awns. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay (Biological) : If made into the official tincture 
the minimum lethal dose should not be greater 
than 0.00006 mil of tincture for each Gm. of 
weight of frog. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Tropical Africa. 

Description : 

Green Strophanthus occurs as entire compressed seeds. Stro- 
phanthus is an exalbuminous seed. The base is rounded or slightly 
tapering. The margin is entire. The apex is tapering, blunt, 
rounded, or acuminate. The outline varies from oval to oblong 
to oblong-lanceolate. The seeds measure 22 mm. or less in length 
and 7 mm. or less in width and 3 mm. or less in thickness. The 
color is grayish green. The surface is densely hairy and one of 
the flat surfaces is ridged. The testa is thin and brittle. The 
endosperm and embryo are white. The odor is distinct. The 
taste is very strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Strophanthin (glucoside), fixed oil, cho- 
line, starch, proteids, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Strophanthi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



529 



^A 




STROPHANTHUS (BROWN) 

1, Mass of seeds. 2, Slender apex of seed. 3, Small seed. 



530 






STROPHANTHUS (Strophanth.) U. S. P. 
(2) Brown Strophanthus 

English name : Strophanthus. 

Synonyms: Brown Strophanthus. 

Botanical origin : Strophanthus Mspidus De Candolle. 
(Fam. Apocynacece.) 

Part used: Ripe seeds, deprived of the long awns. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay (Biological) : If made into the official tincture 
the minimum lethal dose should not be greater 
than 0.00006 mil of tincture for each Gm. of 
weight of frog. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Tropical Africa. 

Description : 

Brown Strophanthus occurs as entire compressed seeds. Brown 
strophanthus is an exalbuminous seed. The base is blunt, rounded, 
or tapering. The apex is narrowly acuminate. The outline varies 
from oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. The seeds measure 18 
mm. or less in length and 4 mm. or less in width and 2 mm. or 
less in thickness. The color varies from light to dark brown. 
The surface is partially or completely hairy, and one of the flat 
surfaces is ridged. The testa is thin and brittle. The endosperm 
and embryo are grayish white. The odor is slight. The taste 
is very strongly bitter. 

Constituents: Strophanthin (glucoside), fixed oil, cho- 
line, starch, proteids, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Strophanthi; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 



531 



.^A 




CARDAMOMI SEMEN 

1, Mass of seeds. 2, Fruit with seed. 3, Fruit cut to 
show seed. 4, Capsule containing fruit. 5, Groove on one 
side of the seed. 



532 



"^» 



CARDAMOMI SEMEN (Cardam. Sem.) U. S. P. 

English name : Cardamom Seed. 

Synonyms : Cardamom. 

Botanical origin: Elettaria Cardamomum White et 
Maton. (Fam. Zingiberacece.) 

Part used: Dried seeds recently removed from cap- 
sules. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 

Habitat: India; cultivated in Ceylon. 

Description : 

Cardamom Seed occurs as entire seeds. It is an albuminous seed. 
The base has a circular, depressed scar. The apex is rounded. 
The outline is irregular, three- to four -sided. The seeds measure 
5 mm. or less in length and 3 mm. or less in diameter. The color 
varies from gray to yellow to brown. The surface, is deeply 
grooved on one side, the remaining part irregularly, transversely 
furrowed and tuberculated. Cross-sections have a brown outer 
layer and a white inner layer and a small reniform cavity with 
a small embryo. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent. 

Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, resin, starch, al- 
buminoids, gum, manganese compounds, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Spiritus Cardamomi Compositus N. F. (Flavoring agent.) 
Tinctura Cardamomi; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Cardamomi Composita ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 






^A 




PHYSOSTIGMA 



1, Side view of seed showing the reniform outline. 2, 
Nearly straight seed. 3, Young curved seed. 4, Groove 
with remains of white funiculus. 5, Longitudinal section of 
the seed. 6, Cross-section of the seed. 



534 



PHYSOSTIGMA (Physostig.) U. S. P. 

English name : Physostigma. 

Synonyms : Calabar Bean, Ordeal Bean. 

Botanical origin: Physostigma venenosum Balfour. 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Dried ripe seed. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 0.15 per cent, of alkaloids. 

Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat : Southern Africa ; cultivated. 

Description : 

Physostigma occurs as entire straight, rarely as folded, seeds. 
Calabar bean is an exalbuminous seed. The base is rounded. The 
margin is grooved on the convex side and is entire on the con- 
cave, the plane, or the slightly convex side opposite to the groove. 
The apex is grooved and rounded. The outline varies from ellip- 
tical to oblong to broadly reniform. Calabar bean measures 38 
mm. or less in length and 20 mm. or less in width. The color 
varies from reddish brown to nearly black. The surface is shiny 
and rough. The convex side is deeply grooved and the apex is 
grooved The margins of the groove are rounded and reddish 
brown. The bottom of the groove is black, and frequently has 
portions of the white funiculus adhering to it. Longitudinal and 
cross sections have a thick testa and two white cotyledons sur 
rounding a central cavity. The odor is not distinct. The taste is 
acrid. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (physostigmine, calabarine, 
etc.), physosterin, starch, proteids, gum, fat, etc. 

Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Physostigmatis ; Dose, 0.008 Gm. (Vs grain). 
Tinctura Physostigmatis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



535 




AMYGDALA DULCIS 

1, Oblong almonds. 2, Inequilateral seeds. 3, Short broad 
seeds. 4, Longitudinal section showing small embryo. 5, 
Cross-section of seed showing the space between the coty- 
ledons. 



536 



AMYGDALA DULCIS (Amygd. Dulc.) U. S. P. 

English name : Sweet Almond. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Prunus Amygdalus dulcis De Can- 
dolle. (Fam. Rosacea.) 

Part used: Ripe seeds. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: Mediterranean Basin; cultivated in Cali- 
fornia. 

Description : 

Sweet Almond occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous seed. 
The base of the seed varies from blunt to rounded to inequi- 
lateral, and has a depressed scar. The margin curves to the apex, 
or one side is curved and the other nearly straight. The apex is 
acute-pointed. The outline varies from ovate to oblong. The 
seeds measure 4 cm. or less in length and 2 mm. or less in 
width. The color varies from yellowish to reddish brown. The 
surface is coarsely furrowed, and hairy cross-sections show a thin 
testa and a space at the center between the two cotyledons. The 
cotyledons when separated longitudinally have a white embryo, 
and on the opposite cotyledon is a cavity formed by the embryo. 
The odor is slight. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents: Oil, emulsin, sugar, proteids, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Emulsum Amygdalae. (Vehicle.) 

Oleum Amygdalae Expressum. (Used pharmaceuticals.) 



537 




PEPO 



1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Various commercial varieties of seed. 
6, Testa removed to show the seed. 



538 



PEPO U. S. P. 

English name : Pepo. 

Synonyms: Pumpkin Seed. 

Botanical origin: Cucurbit a Pepo Linne. (Fam. Cu- 
curbitacece.) 

Part used: Ripe seed. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other sub- 
stances. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Cultivated in America. 

Description : 

Pumpkin Seed occurs as entire and compressed seeds. Pumpkin 
is an exalbuminous seed. The base of the seed is rounded. The 
margin is entire. The apex is tapering and irregularly truncate. 
The outline varies from ovate to oval to elliptical. The color is 
yellowish or grayish white. The sizes of the different varieties of 
pumpkin seeds are extremely variable. The mammoth variety 
measure 3.5 cm. or less in length and 2.3 cm. or less in width 
and 5 mm. or less in thickness. The two flattened surfaces are 
smooth, and they have a raised portion parallel to the length, 
with two grooves and a slight ridge between. The remaining 
portion of the surface is convex. The testa has a tough outer 
layer and a thin greenish inner layer. The cotyledons are yellow- 
ish white and they make up the greater part of the seed! The 
odor is slight. The taste is sweet and oily. 

Constituents : Fixed oil, resin, starch, sugar, proteids, 
etc. 

Dose: 30 Gm. (1 ounce). 

Preparations : 

None. 



539 






*£jfc' 




SINAPIS NIGRA 



1, German brown mustard. 2, English brown mustard. 
3, Bari brown mustard. 4, Trieste brown mustard. 5, Cali- 
fornia brown mustard. 6, Levant mustard. 



540 



SINAPIS NIGRA (Sinap. Nig.) U. S. P, 

English name : Black Mustard. 

Synonyms : Brown Mustard. 

Botanical origin: Brassica nigra (Linne) Koch. 
(Fam. CruciferoB.) 

Part used : Kipe seeds. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other seeds 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 

Description : 

Black Mustard occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous 
seed. The outline varies from globular to subglobular. Black 
mustard has a maximum diameter of 2.5 mm. The color varies 
from gray to yellow to reddish brown. The surface is shiny and 
finely reticulate when magnified with a simple lens. The base of 
the seed is constricted to a small point and is gray in color. The 
embryo is greenish yellow. The odor is aromatic when the seed 
is moistened. The taste is very strongly pungent. 

Constituents: Gum, fixed oil, glucoside (sinigrin), 
myrosin, mucilage, proteids, etc. 

Dose (Emetic) : 10 Gm. (2% drachms). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile; Dose, 0.008 mil (% min.). 



541 



"«^» -M * * v rfi tW ' #<* Jl »*£ **.▼* *■■.-- * A< ^ 40 *«• • » 






Wit* SoSOjNl *%»1#!. ••*-*% i# - 








•«mm# i •_* »« # . a*n»%*«» W 


'j##%t .« * 



SINAPIS ALBA 

1, English yellow mustard. 2, Dutch yellow mustard. 3, 
German yellow mustard. 4, California yellow mustard. 



542 



— ^ 



SINAPIS ALBA (Sinap. Alb.) U. S. P. 

English name : White Mustard. 

Synonyms : Yellow Mustard. 

Botanical origin : Sinapis alba Linne. (Fam. Cruci- 
ferce.) 

Part used : Ripe seeds. 

Impurities: Not more than 5 per cent, of other seeds 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia ; naturalized in North 
America. ^ ■ 

Description : 

White Mustard occurs as entire seeds. It is an exalbuminous seed. 
The outline varies from globular to subglobular. White mus- 
tard has a maximum diameter of 3 mm. The color varies from 
light to dark yellow. One of the curved surfaces has a ridge and 
two grooves parallel to its length ; the opposite curved edge has 
no groove or ridge. The embryo is greenish yellow. The odor is 
aromatic when the seed is moistened. The taste is very strongly 
pungent. 

Constituents: Gum, fixed oil, glucoside (sinalbin), 
enzyme (myrosin), mucilage, acids, etc. 

Dose (Emetic) : 10 Gm. (2y 2 drachms). 

Preparations : 

None. 



54 :* 




GUARANA 



1, Part of a larger cylinder of guarana. 2, Crack in the 
surface. 3, Broken end of a cylinder showing white part 
of seeds. 



544 



GUARANA U. S. P. 

English name : Guarana. 

Synonyms: Guarana Paste. 

Botanical origin: Paullinia Cupana Kunth. (Fam. 
Sapindacece.) 

Part used: Seeds, crushed. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: Not less than 4 per cent, of caffeine. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Brazil and Venezuela. 

Description : 

Guarana occurs as crushed seeds molded into cakes or cylindrical 
pieces. Guarana is fruit. The outline of the cylindrical pieces is 
oblong and usually widest at the center. These pieces measure 
20 dm. or less in length and 4.8 cm. or less in diameter. The 
color varies from reddish brown to black. The surface is smooth 
or rough; the roughness is caused by slightly projecting portions 
of seed. The fractured surface is uneven and chocolate brown; 
occasionally it shows entire three-angled seeds or small seed cavi- 
ties. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly bitter and 
astringent. 

Constituents: Caffeine, tannin, gum, starch, fixed oil, 
volatile oil, saponin, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Elixir Guaranae N. F.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Fluidextractum Guaranae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



545 




KOLA 



1, Nearly circular cotyledon. 2, 
ledons. 3, 4, African Kola nuts. 



Space between the coty- 



546 



^ 



KOLA (Kola) N. F. 

s 

English name : Kola. N 

Synonyms: Cola, Kola-nut. 

Botanical origin: Several species of Cola Schott and 
Endlicher. (Fam. Sterculiacece.) 

Part used : Dried cotyledons. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 1.5 per cent, of caffeine. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat : Africa and West Indies. 

Description : 

Kola occurs as the separated or united cotyledons. The base is 
usually rounded and smaller than the apex. The margin is entire. 
The apex is rounded. The outline varies from rotund to oval to 
irregular when the cotyledons are united. The united cotyledons 
measure 4 cm. or less in length, 3.5 cm. or less in width, and 22 
mm. or less in thickness. The color varies from yellowish to 
reddish brown. The surface is dull and rough or smooth, and 
there is a space where the cotyledons have separated. At the 
base of the separated cotyledons there is an embryo. The odor is 
not distinct. The taste is slightly astringent. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine), 
sugar, starch, tannin, coloring matter, ferment, 
etc. 

Dose: 4 Gm. (1 drachm). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Kolae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



547 




MACIS 

1, Banda mace. 2, Siam mace. 3, West India mace. 
4, Broad bands of Banda mace. 



548 



"1 



MACIS N. F. 



fragrans Houttuyn 



English name : Mace. 
Synonyms : Flowers of Mace. 

Botanical origin : Myristica 

(Fam. Myristicacece.) 

Part used : Arillode of seed. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per dknt., which is almost com- 
pletely soluble in hydrochloric acid. 

Habitat: Molucca Islands; cultivated extensively in 
tropical countries. 

Description : 

Mace occurs as entire and broken compressed pieces of the arillode. 
The base is blunt or slightly notched, and it has a large circular 
scar. The apex is irregular. The outline is variable. The 
arillode measures 40 mm. or less in length and 30 mm. or less in 
width. The color varies from yellow to yellowish red. The surface is 
smooth, and it is usually solid near the base, but divided above 
into narrow bands which overlap at the apex. The arillode is 
brittle. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and oily. 

Constituents : Fixed and volatile oils, resin, sugar, pro- 
teids, mucilage, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Oleum Myristicae; Dose, 0.2 mil (3 min.). 



549 




Cinnamon, 50 lbs. Square wooden case covered with mat- 
ting and tied with strips of bamboo. Case contains about 
24 bundles, each with three bands. 

Cassia Buds, 50 lbs. Outer burlap, box covered with 
paper and an inner burlap covering. 

Cassia Cinnamon, 50 lbs. 24 oblong bundles. 3 bam- 
boo bands. 

China Chips, 50 lbs. In matting and tied with thick 
bamboo. 

550 



CHAPTER XV 

ALGiE AND FUNGI 
ALGjE 

THERE are two official algae : f ucus, a brown alga ; 
and chondrus, a red alga. The plant body is 
called a thallus. It is not divided into root, stem, and 
leaves. 

Fucus is brownish green when first collected, but it 
changes to black upon drying. The air bladders 
(vesicles), occurring in pairs, are the most Character- 
istic portions of the thallus. 

Chondrus is deep red when recently gathered; but 
before it is supplied to commerce it is bleached by 
sea water and sunlight. 

There are two species of red algae official under 
chondrus; they differ greatly, and the differences are 
described in the descriptions of the drugs. 

FUNGI 

The three official fungi are yeast, ergot and agaric. 
The fungi differ from other groups of plants because 
they contain no chlorophyl; therefore, they cannot 
manufacture their own foods. Because they obtain 
their food from decaying organic matter, they are 
called saprophytes. Yeast is a unicellular (one-celled) 
fungus, and its structure can be studied only under 
the microscope. 

Ergot is the rusting stage (sclerotium) of Claviceps 
purpurea. Under natural conditions it develops into 
a plant which would produce spores. 

Agaric is a large fungus common on the European 
larch tree. After the fungus is collected, it is peeled 
and dried before it is used as a medicine. The com- 
mercial drug, therefore, no longer greatly resembles a 
fungus. 




FUCUS 

1. Dichotomously branched thallus. 2, Branches of vari- 
able length. 3, Air vesicles occurring in pairs. 

552 



M 



FUCUS (Fuc.) N. F. 

English name : Fucus. 

Synonyms : Bladderwrack, Bladder Fucus. 

Botanical origin: Fucus vesiculosus Linne. (Fam. 
Fucacece.) 

Part used : Dried thallus. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 20 per cent. 

Habitat: Shores of the North Pacific and North At 
lantic Oceans. 

Description : 

Fucus occurs as entire and as broken pieces of the plant 
(thallus). These pieces measure up to 4 dm. in length and up 
to 2 cm. in width. The thallus is dichotomously branched. The 
base of the thallus is cylindrical and the branches are mostly 
flattened. Each branch separates into two branches or is simple. 
The texture is cartilaginous. The color varies from brown to 
black. The surface has air vesicles usually occurring in pairs, a 
prominent midrib, and frequently white deposits of saline matter. 
Frequently the tips of the branches are enlarged because of great 
numbers of rounded, projecting, reproductive tissues. The odor 
is slight. The taste is saline and mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, mucilage, cellulose, mannit, 
iodine, etc. 

Dose: 0.65 Gm. (10 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Fuci; Dose, 0.65 mil (10 min.). 



553 



^ A 



^ 




CHONDRUS (CRISPUS) 

1, Plant with dichotomously branched ends. 2, Numerous 
plants attached to the small stone. 3, Stem like parts 
of the thallus. 



554 



CHONDRUS (Chond.) U. S. P. 

(1) Chondrus Crispus 

English name : Chondrus. 

Synonyms : Irish Moss, Carrageen. 

Botanical origin: Chondrus crispus (Linne) Stack- 
house. (Fam. Gigartinacece.) 

Part used : Dried plant. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Shores of Atlantic Ocean. 

Description : 

Chondrus crispus occurs as entire or broken pieces of the plant 
(thallus). These pieces measure up to 12 cm. in length. The 
plant is dichotomously branching in pairs. The base of the plant 
is cylindrical and the branches are flat. Each branch separates 
into two branches. Frequently a fragment of rock occurs in the 
drug with several attached bases. The texture is cartilaginous. 
The color varies from yellowish white to red. The surface is 
smooth, frequently with small shells of Crustacea. The plant is 
pliable. The outline is irregular. There is no microscopic differ- 
ence in the tissues of the thallus. The odor is slight. The taste 
is salty and mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Mucilage, pectin, proteids, etc. 
Dose : None given. 
Preparations : 

Gelatinum Chondri N. F. 
Mucilago Chondri N. F. 



555 



i 




CHONDRUS (GIGARTINA MAMILLOSA) 

1. Broad thallus with short dichotomously branched tips. 
2 Papillate sporangia. 3. Broken fragments of the plant. 



556 



CHONDRUS (Chond.) U. S. P. 

(2) Gigartina Mamillosa 

English name : Chondrus. 

Synonyms : Irish Moss, Carrageen. 

Botanical origin: Gigartina mamillosa (Goodenough 
et Woodward) J. Agardh. (Fam. Gigartinacece.) 

Part used : Dried plant. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Shores of Atlantic Ocean. 

Description : 

Gigartina mamillosa occurs as entire or broken pieces of the plant 
(thallus). These pieces measure up to 10 cm. in length. The 
plant is dichotomously branched. The base of the plant is cylin- 
drical, and the branches are flat. Each branch separates into two 
branches. The texture is cartilaginous. The color varies from 
yellowish white to red. The surface has numerous slender papil- 
late sporangia (reproductive bodies) scattered over the surface 
and an occasional shell. The outline is irregular. There is no 
microscopic difference in the tissues of the thallus. The odor is 
slight. The taste is salty and mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Mucilage, pectin, proteids, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Gelatinum Chondri N. F. 
Mucilago Chondri N. F. 






557 




CEREVISLffi FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM 

1, Granular protoplasm. 2, Vacuole. 3, Globules of fat. 



558 



CEREVISLffi FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM 
(Cerev. Ferm. Compr.) N. F. 

English name : Compressed Yeast. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Saccharomyces cerevisice Meyen, or 
other species of Saccharomyces. (Fam. Saccharo- 
mycetacece.) 

Part used : Moist, living cells, combined with a starchy 
or absorbent base. 

Impurities: None given officially. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: In sugary solutions. 

Description : 

Yeast occurs in compressed masses or cakes. It is a fungus. The 
cakes are variable in size. The texture is moist and starchy. 
The color is yellowish white. The surface is granular, the odor 
aromatic and the taste bitter. Under the microscope compressed 
yeast is seen to be composed of yeast and starch. The starch is 
readily recognized by the blue color developed when Lugol's solu- 
tion is added. Yeast is oval or spherical. The wall is thin. The 
vacuoles have small globules of fat, and the protoplasm is granular. 

Dose: None given. (Used for making fermented milk.) 
Preparations : 

None. 



559 







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? ^"t: ' ^NH-- ~~^TTI. 


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Cassia Fistula, 110 lbs. Bamboo basket and an outer 
covering of burlap. The only drug that is packed in this 
way. 

560 



PERSIO N. F. 

English name : Cudbear. 

Synonyms : Red Indigo. 

Botanical origin: Species of Roccella De Candolle, Le- 
canora Acharius and other lichens. 

Part used : Purplish-red powder. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash: Not more than 35 per cent., consisting mainly of 
sodium chloride. 

Habitat: Sweden, East Indies, Holland and Cali- 
fornia. 

Description : 

Cudbear occurs as a fine or coarse powder of a purplish red color. 
Its botanical origin can be determined only when viewed under 
the compound microscope. * 

Constituents : Not investigated. 

Dose: Not used medicinally. (Coloring agent.) 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Persionis. 
Tinctura Persionis Composita 



561 




AGARICUS 

1, White inner tissues. 2, Outer worthless part of the 
fungus. 



562 



AGARICUS (Agaric.) N. F. 

English name : Agaric. 

Synonyms : White Agaric, Larch Agaric. 

Botanical origin: Polyporus officinale Fries. (Fam. 
Polyporacece.) 

Part used : Dried fruit body. 

Impurities: Not more than 10 per cent, of foreign 
matter. 

Assay: Yields to boiling alcohol not less than 50 per 
cent, resinous extract. 

Ash: Not more than 2 per cent, of white ash rich in 
phosphates. % 

Habitat: Europe and Asia. 

Description : 

Agaric occurs as entire or broken pieces of the peeled fungus. 
Agaric is a fungus. The outline of the pieces is irregular. 
Agaric measures 35 cm. or less in height, 2.5 cm. or less in width, 
and 12 cm. or less in thickness. The color varies from grayish 
yellow to light brown. The surface is rough and fibrous-appear- 
ing, but soft to the touch. The fracture is tough. The broken 
surface is similar to the outer surface. The odor is not distinct. 
The taste is sweet, acrid and bitter. 

Constituents: Agaric acid, resin, etc. 
Dose: 0.6 Gm. (10 grains). 
Preparations : 

None. 



563 




ERGOTA 

l, 2, 3, Large and small ergots. 4, Longitudinal section 
of grain. 5, 6, Cross-sections. 



564 



ERGOTA U. S. P. 

English name: Ergot. 

Synonyms: Rye Ergot, Smut of Rye, Spurred Rye. 
Secale Cornutum P. I. 

Botanical origin: Claviceps purpurea. (Fam. Hypo- 

creacece.) 

Part used: Dried sclerotiuni. 

Impurities : Not more than 5 per cent, of seeds, fruits 
or other foreign matter. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash:^Tot more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat : Russia, Spain, Germany and France. 

Description : 

Ergot occurs as entire, rarely as broken, curved, or straight pieces. 
Ergot is the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea. The outline is 
oblong-cylindrical and tapering at either end. Ergot measures 
4 cm. or less in length and 7 mm. or less in diameter. The sur- 
face is longitudinally furrowed and fissured, and transversely 
fissured. The color varies from purple to purplish black. The 
fracture is brittle. The fractured surface is indistinctly triangu- 
lar and is deeply indented on three sides. The outer layer of the 
sections is purplish black, the inner layer white or purplish white. 
The odor is distinct. The taste is oily. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (ergotine, cornutine, ergo- 
toxine, ecboline, tyramine, etc.), acids (ergotinic, 
sclerotic, etc.), lucin, mannit, etc. 

Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

Preparations : 

Extractum Ergotae; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Extractum Ergotae Aquosum N. F. ; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 

Fluidextractum Ergotae; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Tinctura Ergotae Ammoniata N. P.; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



; r>r> 




Cloves, 125 lbs. Mats with a coarse rope tied three 
times around the short diameter of the bale and passed 
around the two sides of the long diameter. Capsicum comes 
in similar packages. 

566 



M 



CHAPTER XVI 

SPORES, NON-GLANDULAR AND 

GLANDULAR HAIRS, AND 

EXCRESCENCES 

SPORES 

T YCOPODIUJI is the only official spore. These 
Lj spores are microscopic. These spores in nature 
continue the life of the species by growing under suit- 
able conditions into a lycopodium plant. They are 
used in a mechanical way as a dusting powder and not 
as a remedial agent. 

NON-GLANDULAR HAIRS 

Cotton is the official non-glandular hair. The hairs 
are separated from cotton seed produced by the fa- 
miliar cotton plant of the south. As cotton is used in 
medicine as an absorbent, it must be free of fat and 
aseptic. The hairs are very long and thread-like, and 
their structure is microscopic. 

GLANDULAR HAIRS 

Lupulin, the glandular hair separated from the 
scales of hops,. secretes and contains the oleoresin or 
active constituent of hops. Two views of lupulin. 
which has a microscopic structure, are shown. 

EXCRESCENCES 

Nut gall is an excrescence formed as the result of an 
insect (Cynips tinctoria) stinging and depositing its 
eggs in the young leaf of European oak (Quercus 
infectoria). A gall or excrescence is developed instead 
of a leaf. There are many different types of galls, but 
they are all different from nutgall. 

567 




LYCOPODIUM 

1, Hair-like projection. 2, Reticulate surface. 3, Char- 
acteristic marking of the spore. 



568 



^ 



LYCOPODIUM (Lycopod.) U. S. P. 

English name : Ly cop odium. 

Synonyms : Club Moss, Running Moss, Snake Moss. 

Botanical origin: Lycopodium clavatum Linne. (Fam. 
Lycopodiacece.) 

Part used : Spores. 

Impurities : Not more than 2 per cent. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat : Europe and Asia. 

Description : 

Lycopodium occurs as a powder consisting of microscopic entire 
spores. The powder is light yellow. It floats on water; when 
thrown into the air and ignited it burns with a flash. The only 
scientific means of identifying lycopodium is under the compound 
microscope. The spores, when magnified under the high power 
of the microscope, have one convex surface and three plane sur- 
faces. The outer is reticulate and at the point of union of the 
wall there is a hair-like projection. These show best when the 
margin is in focus. The line of union of the plane surfaces fre- 
quently appears as a cross or triangle. The odor is not distinct; 
taste is wanting. 

Constituents : Fixed oil, sugar, etc. 
Dose : None. Not used internally. 
Preparations : 

None. 



569 



^A 




GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM 

1, Mass of cotton. 2, Separated fibers. 



570 



GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM 
(Gossyp. Purif.) U. S. P. 

English name : Purified Cotton. 

Synonyms : Absorbent Cotton. 

Botanical origin: Gossypium herbaceum Linne. (Fam. 
Malvaceae.) 

Part used : Hairs of seed freed from adhering impuri- 
ties and linters and deprived of fatty matters. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 0.2 per cent. 

Habitat: Asia, Africa, China; cultivated extensively. 

Description : 

Purified cotton occurs as tangled masses of entire or broken hairs. 
Cotton is a unicellular hair. The color is white and the texture 
is soft and fibrous. "When seen under the high power of the 
microscope cotton is either flat or twisted. The edges are thick 
ened and the central part is structureless. There is no odor or 
taste to purified cotton. 

Preparations : 

Gossypium Stypticum N. F. 



571 




LUPULINUM 

1, Surface view of glandular hair. 2, Oleoresin mass. 3, 
Surface without cellular structure. 4, Reticulate surface. 

572 



LUPULINUM (Lupul.) N. F. 

English name : Lupulin. 
Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: E lunulas Lupulus Linne. (Fam. 

Moracece.) 

Part used : Glandular trichomes from the strobiles. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in ether. 

Ash : Not more than 16 per cent. 

Habitat: Asia and Europe; cultivated in countries 
having a temperate climate. 

Description : 

Lupulin occurs as a sticky powder, consisting of entire multicellu- 
lar, glandular hairs with angled walls. The color varies from lemon 
yellow to yellowish brown. It floats on water. Under the high 
power of the compound microscope the spores, when viewed from 
the top, are nearly circular and the outer layer of cells is in sharp 
focus, while the remaining curved part is not so distinct. When 
the spores are viewed the tube of the microscope must be gradu- 
ally raised. If looked at from the side the spores are seen to be 
mushroom-shaped. The walls of the upper part are distinct, 
those of the lower part indistinct. Frequently the spores contain 
large globules of oil. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent 
and bitter. 

Constituents: Resin, volatile oil, tannin, choline, as- 
paragin, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Fluidextractum Lupulini; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Oleoresina Lupulini; Dose, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). 



573 




• 




GALLA 

1, Large perfect gall. 2, Tuberculated surface. 3, Central 
cavity of the gall. 4, Cylindrical opening formed by the 
escaping insect. 

574 



GALLA (Gall.) U. S. P. 

English name : Nutgall. 

Synonyms : Aleppo Galls, Smyrna Galls. 

Botanical origin: Quercus infectoria Olivier and 
other allied species of Quercus. (Fam. Fagacece.) 

Part used : Excrescences on the young twigs. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not more than 5 per cent, of galls floats in 
water. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat: Mediterranean Basin, Asia Minor, Persia. 

Description : 

Nutgall occurs in the entire condition. It is a gall. The base of 
the gall is constricted and is frequently attached to a short-leaf 
petiole. The margin is irregular. The apex is rounded. The 
outline is globular. They measure 28 mm. or less in length and 
25 mm. or less in diameter. The color varies from bluish gray 
to yellowish brown. The surface is tuberculated. The bored galls 
have a circular opening. Sawed galls have sunken spaces, a dark, 
circular, central cavity and a cylindrical canal extending to the 
surf ace ; the latter is formed by the escaping insect. The color 
of the inner surface varies from gray to brown. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is very strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Tannic, gallic and ellagic acids, sugar, 
resin, starch, albuminous matter, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Gallae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Unguentum Galla?. 



575 




Aloes. Barrel of Gourd Aloes. Keg of Socotrine Aloes. 
Two cases of Monkey-skin Aloes, one case with burlap and 
one case with matting. One monkey-skin suspended (left) 
to show method of transportation. Gourds (freed from 
seeds) filled with aloes and a piece of cloth stuck over 
the opening. 



576 



CHAPTER XVII 

STARCH, GUM, SUGAR, AND MUCILAGE 

STARCH 

/^lOBX STARCH is the official starch. It is separated 
\^j from corn by a special process. Corn starch has 
a characteristic microscopic structure. The purity of 
corn starch should always be determined because it is 
frequently adulterated with potato and other starches. 
Talcum is also frequently added to increase the 
weight. 

SUGAR 

Manna is a solid sugar obtained from the European 
ash tree. It has a very pleasing taste at first, but its 
final taste is rather disagreeable. The commercial 
product varies in price according to the size and 
cleanliness of the pieces. Refer to the different figures. 

GUMS 

Tragacanth and acacia are the official gums. Trag- 
acanth is ribbon-like and has characteristic trans- 
verse ridges which are formed during the period of 
decreased rate of flow. The pieces are always dull 
and opaque. 

Acacia occurs as straight, curved or rounded tears, 
which are frequently hollow in the center. The sur- 
face is shiny and transparent when recently collected, 
but when thoroughly dry, the surface is dull, full of 
cracks, and opaque. 

MUCILAGE 

The only official dried mucilage is agar-agar, pre- 
pared from Japanese sea-weed. It is used extensively 
in the preparation of culture media for growing bac- 
teria. Agar is usually shredded, and frequently 
packed in bundles. 

577 




AMYLUM 

1, Starch grain with angled outline. 2, Grain with rounded 
outline. 3, Round hilum or space. 



578 



1 



AMYLUM (Amyl.) U. S. P. 

English name : Starch. 

Synonyms : Corn Starch. 

Botanical origin: Zea Mays Linne. (Fam. Gra- 
minece. ) 

Part used: Starch separated from the grain. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent, of white ash. 

Habitat : South America ; cultivated. 

Description : 

Corn Starch, occurs as white powder consisting of entire starch 
grains. Corn starch is a starch. The powder is white and it is 
fine or in slightly angled masses. As seen under the high power 
of the microscope, the grains are rounded, angled, or rounded 
and angled in outline. The hilum is central, rounded or cleft. 
When Lugol's solution is added to the powder on the slide the 
grains are colored hlue. The odor of starch is not distinct. The 
taste is starchy and slightly sweet. 

Constituents: Granulose, cellulose, etc. 
Dose : None given. 
Preparations : 

Glyceritum Amyli. (Excipient.) 



579 




MANNA 

1, Three pieces of manna of variable size. 2, Small white 
tear. 3, Rounded tear. 4, Manna sorts consisting of 
agglutinated tears and impurities. 



580 



MANNA U. S. P. 

English name : Manna. 

Synonyms: None. 

Botanical origin: Fraxinus Ornus Linne. (Fam. 
Oleacece.) 

Part used : Dried saccharine exudation. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 40 per cent, of the yellowish 
white fragments. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Mediterranean Basin. 

Description : 

Manna occurs as entire and broken tears or sorts. Manna is a 
sugar. The outline of the larger pieces is oblong, and either flat 
or cylindrical. The pieces measure 25 cm. or less in length and 
5.5 cm. or less in width. The color of large flake manna varies 
from white to yellowish white; of small flake manna, yellowish 
white; of manna sorts, yellowish brown. The surface is rough, 
flat or ridged. The fracture is very weak and brittle. The frac- 
tured surface is frequently three-sided. The odor is slight. The 
taste is sweet and slightly bitter. 

Constituents : Mannit, glucose, mucilage, resin, etc. 
Dose: 15 Gm. (4 drachms). 
Preparations : 

Infusum Senna? Compositum ; Dose. 120 mils (4 fl. ozs.). 
Sympus Manna? N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



581 




TRAGAOANTHA 

1, Broad ribbon. 2, Transverse band. 3, Serrate edge 
of a band. 4, 5, Different types of ribbons. 



582 






TRAGACANTHA (Trag.) U. S. P. 

English name : Tragacanth. 

Synonyms: Gum Tragacanth. 

Botanical origin: Astragalus gummifer Labillardiere 
or other Asiatic species of Astragalus. (Fam. Le- 
guminosce. ) 

Part used : Gummy exudation from the stems. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: Not more than 3.5 per cent. 

Habitat : Asia Minor, Persia and Syria. 

Description : 

Tragacanth occurs as entire or broken, flattened pieces. Traga- 
canth is a gum. The outline is usually oblong and curved or 
straight. The pieces measure 12 cm. or less in length and 28 
mm. or less in diameter. The surface has transverse bands. 
The color varies from white to yellowish white. The fracture is 
brittle. The texture is horny. The odor is not characteristic. 
The taste is mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Soluble and insoluble gum and starch, 
pectin, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Glyceritum Tragacanthse N. F. . 

Mucilago Tragacanthae. 



583 






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4 



ACACIA 

1, 2, 3, 4. Different types of acacia tears. 



584 



■ 



ACACIA (Acac.) U. S. P. 

English name : Acacia. 

Synonyms: Gum Arabic, Gum Acacia, Gum Senegal. 

Botanical origin : Acacia Senegal Willdenow and other 
African species of Acacia. (Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Dried gummy exudation. 

Impurities: Not more than 1 per cent, of powdered 
acacia is insoluble in water. 

Assay: When powdered, contains not more than 15 
per cent, of moisture. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: Africa. 

Description : 

Acacia occurs as entire and broken tears. Acacia is a gum. The 
outline varies from globular to oblong-cylindrical, and the pieces 
are straight and curved. The pieces measure 8 cm. or less in 
length and 5 cm. or less in width. The color varies from gray to 
pink and is opaque. The surface is smooth when the drug has 
been recently gathered, but fissured after it has been kept for 
some time. The fracture is brittle. The fractured surface is fre- 
quently glistening. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly 
sweet and mucilaginous. 

Constituents: Arabin (arabic acid), pararobin, etc. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Mucilago Acaciae; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Syrupus Acaciae. (Vehicle.) 



585 




AGAR 

1. Mass of agar-agar strips. 



586 



AGAR U. S. P. 

English name : Agar. 

Synonyms : Agar- Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable 
Gelatin. 

Botanical origin: Gracilaria (Sphoerococcus) liche- 
noides Greville and other marine algae growing 
along the eastern coast of China, particularly sev- 
eral species of Gelidium or Gloiopeltis. (Class 
Bhodophycece.) 

Part used: Dried mucilaginous substance. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: Japan and China. 

Description : 

Agar occurs as folded flat pieces arranged in bundles. The out- 
line of the pieces is oblong. Agar is of variable length and width. 
The color varies from gray to grayish brown. The surface is 
shiny and wrinkled. The fracture is tough. The odor is not dis- 
tinct. The taste is mucilaginous. 

Constituents : Pectin, gelose, etc. 
Dose: 10 Gm. (2y 2 drachms). 
Preparations : 

None. 



587 




Small barrel of Guaiac (200 lbs.) in solid piece. Gum 
Myrrh, 200 lbs. Inner matting and outer burlap covering. 

588 



CHAPTER XVIII 

RESINS, GUM RESINS, BALSAMS, 

BALSAMIC RESINS AND 

OLEORESINS 

RESINS 

THE three official resins are rosin, guaiac and 
mastic. 
Rosin is the residue left after distilling oil of tur- 
pentine from terebenthina. 

Guaiac is a resin obtained from the official guaiac 
wood. 

Mastiche is the only resin occurring as tears. It is 
friable, but it becomes plastic when chewed. 

GUM RESINS 

The official gum resins are asafetida, gamboge and 
myrrh. They all differ greatly in appearance; and 
in the case of asafetida, the odor is characteristically 
and disagreeably aromatic. 

BALSAMIC RESINS 

Benzoin is the only balsamic resin. The title in- 
cludes the Sumatra and Siam varieties. Sumatra ben- 
zoin consists of a matrix of a reddish brown color 
surrounding light colored tears, while Siam benzoin 
consists wholly of tears. 

OLEORESINS 

The only solid oleoresin is turpentine, which is ob- 
tained by cutting the bark of several species of south- 
ern pine and collecting the excretion or oleoresin. 




RESINA 

1, Abraded white surface. 2, Concave surface. 
590 






RESINA (Resin.) U. S. P. 



Georgia Pine Rosin, Yellow 



English name : Rosin. 

Synonyms: Colophony, 
Pine Rosin. 

Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller and other 
species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinaceoe.) 

Part used: Residue left after distilling the volatile oil 
from the concrete oleoresin. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : None given. 

Ash : Not more than 0.05 per cent. 

Habitat: Virginia, south to Florida and Texas. 

Description : 

Resin occurs as irregular masses. Resin is a resin. The outline 
is irregular and angled, the size is variable, and the texture is 
vitreous. The color is yellowish brown; when the surface is 
abraded the color is white or yellowish white. The surface is 
translucent, powdery where abraded, and rough with numerous 
depressions. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is slightly aro- 
matic. The taste is pungent and terebinthinate. 

Constituents: Abietinic acid or its anhydride, pinic 
and sylvic acids, etc. 

Preparations : 

Ceratum Resinae. 

Ceratum Resinae Compositum N. F. 
Emplastrum Elasticum. 
Emplastrum Resinae. 



591 




GUAIACUM 

1, Round cake. 2, Piece of large cake. 



592 



GUAIAOUM (Guaiac.) U. S. P. 



i 



English name : Guaiac. 

Synonyms : Guaiac Resin. 

Botanical origin: Guaiacum officinale Linne or Guaia- 
cum sanctum Linne. (Fam. Zygophyllacece.) 

Part used : Resin of the wood. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: South America, West Indies. 

Description : 

Guaiac occurs as angled fragments or as rounded masses. Guaiac 
is a resin. The outline of the fragments is angular, of the masses 
rounded. The pieces and fragments are variable in size. The 
texture is vitreous. The surface is dull, powdery and rough, and 
bears partially detached fragments of bark and wood. The frac- 
ture is hackly. Small fragments are yellowish green and shiny. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is acrid. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Preparations : 

Gargarisma Guaiaci Compositum N. F. 

Glyceritum Guaiaci N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Mistura Guaiaci N. F. ; Dose. 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 

Tinctura Guaiaci; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata; Dose. 2 mils (30 min.). 

Tinctura Guaiaci Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



593 




MASTICHE 

1, Globular tears. 2, Oblong tears. 3, Irregular tears. 



594 



MASTICHE (Mastic.) N. F. 

English name : Mastic. 

Synonyms: Mastix, Resin of Mastic. 

Botanical origin: Pistacia Lentiscus Linne. (Fam. 
Anacardiacece. ) 

Part used: Concrete resinous exudation. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Acid number is not less than 65. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat : Mediterranean Basin, Island of Scio. 

Description : 

Mastic occurs as entire or broken tears. Mastic is a resin. The 
outline varies from globular to oblong-cylindrical. Mastic tears 
have a maximum length of 2 cm. and a maximum width of 12 
mm. The texture is vitreous. The color is light greenish yellow. 
The surface is transparent, smooth and shiny. The fracture is 
even. The odor is not distinct. The taste is slightly pungent. 
Mastic becomes plastic when it is chewed. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resins, bitter principle, etc. 
Dose: 2 Gm. (30 grains). 
Preparations : 

PilulaB Aloes et Mastiches ; Dose, 2 pills. 



595 




ASAFCETIDA 

1, Fragment of wood imbedded in mass. 2, 3, Irregular 



596 






ASAFCETIDA (Asafcet.) U. S. P. 

English name : Asafetida. 

Synonyms: Gum Asafetida. 

Botanical origin: Ferula Asafoetida Linne, Ferula 
foetida Regel and some other species of Ferula. 
(Fam. Umbelliferce.) 

Part used: Gum resin obtained by incising the rhi- 
zomes and roots. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 60 per cent., or, if powdered, 50 
per cent., of alcohol-soluble constituents. 

Ash: Of gum-resin not more than 15 per cent.; of 
powder not over 30 per cent. 

Habitat : Persia and Afghanistan. 

Description : 

Asafetida occurs as plastic or solid masses, rarely as tears. It is 
a gum resin. The outline of the masses is irregular. The size of 
the pieces is variable. The texture is waxy when the drug is hard. 
The color of the mass is usually a mixture of yellow, white, brown 
and red. The surface is mottled and uneven. The fracture is 
conchoidal. The odor is strongly aromatic and persistent. The 
taste is pungent, like garlic. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, etc. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

Emulsum Asafoetidoe; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 

PilulaB Asafcetidae ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Tinctura Asafoetida?; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



597 




CAMBOGIA 

1, Solid cylinder. 2, Curved cylinder. 3, Cross-section of 
hollow cylinder. 4, Cross-section of solid cylinder. 



598 



CAMBOGIA (Cambog.) U. S. P. 

English name : Gamboge. 

Synonyms : Pipe Gamboge. 

Botanical origin: Garcinia Hanburii Hooker films. 
(Fam. Cruttiferce.) 

Part used : Gum-resin. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 65 per cent, is soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 2 per cent. 

Habitat: India, China and Siam. 

Description : 

Gamboge occurs as cylindrical, straight and curved pieces. Gam- 
boge is a gum-resin. The outline of the pieces is oblong-cylindri- 
cal. The maximum length of the pieces is 18 cm., maximum width 
4 cm. The texture is waxy. The color is orange brown; when 
abraded, lemon yellow; when moistened, milky, yellowish white. 
The surface is finely wrinkled or longitudinally striated. The 
fracture is conchoidal. The fractured surface is hollow or solid. 
The odor is not distinct. The taste is acrid. 

Constituents : Gum, resin, volatile oil, acids, etc. 
Dose: 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 
Preparations : 

Pilulae Catharticae Composite; Dose, 2 pills. 



599 




MYRRHA 

1, Rough and fissured surface. 2, Piece of bark. 3, 
Masses of variable size. 



600 



it* 



MYRRH A (Myrrh.) U. S. P. 

English name : Myrrh. 

Synonyms: Gum Myrrh. 

Botanical origin : One or more species of Commiphora. 
(Fam. Burseracece.) 

Part used : Gum-resin. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Not less than 35 per cent, is soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 8.5 per cent. 

Habitat : Eastern Africa. 

Description : 

Myrrh occurs as irregular masses of agglutinated tears. Myrrh 
is a gum-resin. The outline of the pieces is irregular. The pieces 
have a maximum length or width of 12 cm. and a thickness of 
8 cm. The texture is waxy. The color varies from light yellow 
to dark brown. The surface is dull, powdery and rough because 
of numerous projecting tears. The fracture is conchoidal. The 
odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent, bitter and acrid. 

Constituents: Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter prin- 
ciple, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Pilulse Rhei Compositae; Dose, 2 pills. 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 

Tinctura Myrrhae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 



I 



601 



BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM 
(Bals. Peruv.) U. S. P. 

English name : Balsam of Peru. 

Synonyms : Peru Balsam. 

Botanical origin: Toluifera Pereirce (Royle) Baillon. 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Balsam. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Acid number not less than 56 nor more than 
84. Saponification value for the cinnamein 235 to 
238. 

Ash : None stated in U. S. P. 

Description : 

Balsam of Peru occurs as a syrupy liquid; color reddish brown; 
odor agreeable and vanilla-like; taste bitter and acrid, with per- 
sistent after-taste; specific gravity 1.130 to 1.160 at 25° C. 

Constituents : Cinnamein, benzoic and cinnamic acids, 
vanillin, styracin, resin, etc. 

Dose: None given officially. 

Preparations : 

None. 



602 



BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM 
(Bals. Tolu.) U. S. P. 

English name : Balsam of Tolu. 

Synonyms : Tolu Balsam. 

Botanical origin: Toluifera Balsamum Linne. (Fam. 
LeguminoscB. ) 

Part used : Entire balsam. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Saponification value not less than 154 nor more 
than 220. 

Ash: None given. 

Description : 

Balsam of Tolu occurs as a putty-like plastic solid; odor, vanilla- 
like; taste, mild and aromatic; becomes brittle when exposed to 
the air or -when cooled sufficiently. 

Constituents : Practically same as of balsam of Peru. 
Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Syrupus Tolutanus; Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Tolutana; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



603 



STYRAX U. S. P. 

English name : Storax. 

Synonyms : Liquid Storax. 

Botanical origin: Liquidambar orientalis Miller. 
(Fam. Eamamelidacece.) 

Part used : 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Residue insoluble in hot alcohol not over 2.5 
per cent. ; acid value not less than 56 nor more 
than 85 ; saponification value not less than 170 nor 
more than 230. 

Ash : Not more than 1 per cent. 

Description : 

Storax occurs as a semi-liquid, sticky, opaque mass, depositing on 
standing a heavy-, dark brown stratum; color grayish; odor char- 
acteristic; taste acrid. 

Constituents: Resins, volatile oil, cinnamic acid and 
its esters, vanillin, resins, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Enters in Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 



604 



7 



COPAIBA (Copaib.) U. S. P. 

English name: Copaiba. 

Synonyms : Balsam of Copaiba ; Copaiva. 

Botanical origin : South American species of Copaiba 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used : Oleoresin. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Acid value not less than 28 nor more than 95 ; 
resin content not less than 36 per cent. 

Ash: None given. 

Description : 

Copaiba occurs as a viscid liquid; color brownish-yellow, occa- 
sionally with a slightly greenish fluorescence ; odor aromatic ; 
taste bitter and acrid; specific gravity 0.940 to 0.995 at 25° C. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, acids, etc. 
Dose: 1 mil (15 min.). 
Preparations : 

Massa Copaiba? N. F. ; Dose, 1 6m. (15 grains). 
Mistura Copaiba? N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 
Mistura Copaiba? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



605 



PIX LIQUIDA (Pix. Liq.) U. S. P. 

English name : Tar. 

Synonyms: Pine Tar. 

Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller, or other 
species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinacece.) 

Part used : 

Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash: None stated. 

Description : 

Tar occurs as a thick, syrupy liquid; color nearly black; odor 
aromatic; taste pungent and empyreumatic. 

Constituents: Resin, turpentine, empyreumatic oils, 
creosote, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Glyceritum Picis Liquidae N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Liquor Picis Alkalinus N. P. (Used externally.) 
Syrupus Picis Liquidae; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Unguentum Picis Liquidae. (Used externally.) 
Vinum Picis N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 



606 



I 

TEREBINTHINA LARICIS 
(Terebinth. Laric.) N. F. 

English name : Venice Turpentine. 

Synonyms: Larch Turpentine. 

Botanical origin : Larix Europoea De Candolle. (Fam. 
Pinacece. ) 

Part used : Viscid oleoresin. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Acid number not more than 80. 

Ash : None given. 

Description : 

Venice turpentine occurs as a thick semi-liquid, heavier than 
water; color yellowish green; odor aromatic; taste bitter and 
pungent. 

Constituents : Volatile oil, resin, etc. 
Dose : None given. 
Preparations : 

Petroxolinum Terebinthinse Laricis N. F. (Used externally.) * 



607 




TEREBINTHINA 

1, 2, Mass of turpentine. 3, Pine needle. 



608 



TEREBINTHINA (Terebinth.) N. F. 

English name : Turpentine. 

Synonyms : Common Turpentine, Gum Thus. 

Botanical origin: Pinus palustris Miller and from 
other species of Pinus. (Fam. Pinacece.) 

Part used : Concrete oleoresin. 

Impurities: Not more than 2 per cent, of mechanical 
impurities. 

Assay : Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, or glacial 
acetic acid. 

Ash: None given. 

Habitat: Virginia, south to Florida and Texas. 

Description : 

Turpentine occurs as irregular masses. The outline is irregular, 
the size is variable, and the texture is resinous. The color varies 
from yellowish white to yellow. The surface is opaque arid un- 
even. The fracture is uneven. The odor is aromatic. The taste 
is pungent. 

Dose : None stated officially. 
Preparations : 

None. 



609 




BENZOINUM 

1. Brown tear. 2, White tear. 3, Adhering pieee of 
burlap. 



610 






BENZOINUM (Benzoin.) U. S. P. 

English name : Benzoin. 

Synonyms : Gum Benzoin, Gum Benjamin. 

Botanical origin : Styrax Benzoin Dryander and some 
other species of Styrax growing in the East In- 
dies. (Fam. Styracaceaz.) 

Part used : Balsamic resin. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 75 per cent, of Sumatra and 90 
per cent, of Siam benzoin dissolves in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 2.5 per cent, in Sumatra benzoin 
and not over 2 per cent, in Siam benzoin. 

Habitat : East Indies. 

Description : 

Benzoin occurs as large, square cakes, covered with burlap, or as 
separate tears and masses. The outline of the broken cakes and 
tears is irregular. The size is variable, the texture waxy. The 
color varies from white to yellow to reddish brown. In Sumatra 
benzoin the white tears are surrounded by a reddish brown mass. 
In Siam benzoin the tears are yellowish brown externally, yellow- 
ish white internally. The surface is rough. The fracture is un- 
even. The odor is aromatic. The taste is pungent and acrid. 

Constituents: Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, styracin, 
vanillin and resin. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Adeps Benzoinatus. 

Tinctura Benzoini; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



611 



CHAPTER XIX 

LATEX, DRIED JUICES, EXTRACTS 
AND CAMPHORS 

LATEX 

THE three drugs consisting of dried latex are 
opium, lactucarium, and gutta-percha. All these 
differ greatly in appearance and in form. 

Opium is obtained by cutting the poppy capsule and 
collecting, when dried, the milky juice. As the source 
of morphine, codeine, etc., opium is classed as one of 
the most important drugs of the Pharmacopoeia. 

Lactucarium is a dried milk juice occurring as 
small cakes of a brown or brownish black color. 

Gutta-percha is the purified, coagulated, milky exu- 
date of various trees. 

DRIED JUICES 

The official dried juices include kino and three va- 
rieties of aloes. 

Kino occurs as small irregular fragments. 

The different varieties of aloes are quite distinct in 
appearance, though supposed to be similar in prop- 
erties. 

EXTRACTS 

Gambir, the only official extract, occurs as brownish 
black cubes or rectangular pieces of variable size. 
"When broken, they are yellowish and powdery. 

CAMPHORS 

Camphor occurs as cakes of variable size. Its sur- 
face is glassy when freshly broken, and it is very 
aromatic. 

612 



OPIUM U. S. P. 

English name: Opium. 

Synonyms : Gum Opium, Meconium, Thebaica. 

Botanical origin: Papaver somniferum Linne and its 
variety album De Candolle. (Fam. Papaveracece.) 

Part used: Milky exudation (latex). 

Impurities : None given in IT. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 9.5 per cent, of anhydrous mor- 
phine. 

Ash : None given. 

Habitat : Asia Minor and China ; also cultivated. 

Description : 

Opium occurs as rounded masses, as rectangular cakes, or as large 
flat cakes. It is a solidified latex. The outline of the masses and 
cakes is variable. The size is variable. The texture is waxy. 
The color varies from brown to black. The outer surface fre- 
quently has adhering to it fragments of leaves and fruits of rumex. 
The fracture is uneven. The odor is narcotic. The taste is 
bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (morphine, codeine, narco- 
tine, narceine, etc.), meconic acid, glucose, gum, 
pectin, caoutchouc, wax, coloring matter, etc. 

Dose: 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

Preparations: 

Acetum Opii N. F.; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 

Extractum Opii; Dose, 0.03 Gm. (V2 grain). 

Linimentum Opii Compositum N. F. 

Mistura Camphorae Acida N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Mistura Carminativa N. F. ; Dose (infants') 0.5 mil (8 min.). 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita ; Dose, 10 mils (2*& fl. drs.). 

Mistura Opii et Chloroformi Composita N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 

min.). 
Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Mistura Opii et Sassafras N. F. ; Dose (infants'), 0.3 mil (5 min.). 
Opii Pulvis; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Opium Deodoratum; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Opium Granulatum; Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 
Pilulae Opii, Digitalis et Quininae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 
Pilulae Opii et Camphorae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 
Pilulae Opii et Plumbi N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pulvis Cretae et Opii Aromaticus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Pulvis Ipecacuanha? et Opii; Dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Pulvis Kino et Opii Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Ipecacuanha? et Opii N. F. ; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Opii; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Opii Camphorata ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Tinctura Opii Crocata N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 
Tinctura Opii Deodorata; Dose, 0.5 mil (8 min.). 
Tinctura Pectoralis N. F. ; Dose, 0.6 mil (10 min.). 

613 




LACTUCARIUM 

1. Under surface of cake. 2, Upper surface of cake. 
3, Broken surfaces. 



614 



^ 



LACTUCARIUM (Lactucar.) U. S. P. 

English name : Lactucarium. 
Synonyms : Lettuce Opium. 

Botanical origin : Lactuca virosa Linne. (Fam. Com- 

positce. ) 

Part used: Dried milk-juice (latex). 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Not more than 15 per cent, moisture. 

Ash: Not more than 10 per cent. 

Habitat : Central and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 

Description : 

Lactucarium occurs as cakes of variable size. Lactucarium is a 
latex (milk-juice). The cakes have a maximum diameter of 5.5 
cm. and a maximum thickness of 3 cm. The texture is waxy. 
The color varies from grayish red to reddish black. The fracture 
is uneven. The fractured surface varies from light gray to nearly 
black. The odor is aromatic. The taste is aromatic and bitter. 

Constituents: Alkaloids (lactucine, hyoscyamine), bit- 
ter principles, wax, sugar, gum, pectin, resin, etc. 

Dose: 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Syrupus Lactucarii (from Tincture) ; Dose, 10 mils (2% fl. drs.). 
Tinctura Lactucarii; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



615 




1, Oblong slice, 
gutta percha. 



GUTTA PERCHA 

2, Rough surface. 3, Rod of purified 



616 



I 



GUTTA PERCHA N. F. 

English name : Gutta-percha. 

Synonyms: Gutta Taban, Gummi Plasticum. 

Botanical origin: Various trees of genus Palaqaium 
Blanco. (Fam. Sapotacece.) 

Part used: Milky exudate (latex). 

Impurities : Not more than 10 per cent, of undissolved 
residue when dissolved in chloroform, oil turpen- 
tine, etc. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 5 per cent. 

Habitat: East Indies, East Africa; cultivated. 

Description : 

Gutta-percha occurs as cakes, sheets, rods or as irregular pieces. 
It is a latex. The cakes, sheets and pieces are of variable size. 
The texture is like rubber. The color varies from yellowish white 
to grayish, usually with reddish streaks. The uncut surface is 
smooth, the cut surface rough and mottled. Gutta-percha has no 
fracture. There is no characteristic odor and taste. 

Dose: None given. 
Preparations : 

Liquor Guttae Percha?. (Used externally.) 



ELATERINUM (Elaterin.) U. S. P. 

English name : Elaterin. 

Synonyms : None. 

Botanical origin: Ecballium Elaterium (Linne) A. 

Richard. (Fam. Cucurbit acecc.) 
Part used: Neutral principle. 
Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash: No ash from 0.1 Gin. of elaterin. 
Habitat : 
Description : 

Elaterin occurs as a white powder or white crystals; the odor is 
not distinct ; the taste is bitter and acrid. 

Dose: 0.003 Gm. (% grain). 
Preparations : 

Trituratio Elaterini ; Dose, 0.03 Gm. ( V 2 grain). 
617 




KINO 

1, Angled fragments of variable size. 



618 






KINO U. S. P. 

English name : Kino. 

Synonyms : Gum Kino. 

Botanical origin: Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxburgh. 
(Fam. Leguminosce.) 

Part used: Spontaneously dried juice. 

Impurities : None given in XL S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 45 per cent, of alcoholic extrac- 
tive ; not more than 12 per cent, moisture. 

Ash: Not more than 3 per cent. 

Habitat: India and Ceylon. 

Description : 

Kino occurs as small, angled fragments. Kino is a dried juice. 
The fragments rarely exceed 10 mm. in length or width. The 
color varies from reddish black to black. The surface is angled 
and shiny. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is not distinct. 
The taste is very strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Kinotannic acid and other principles, 
coloring matter, gum, etc. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Preparations : 

Pulvis Kino et Opii Compositus N. F. ; Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Tinctura Kino; Dose. 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Tinctura Kino et Opii Composita N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



619 




ALOE (SOCOTRINE) 

1, Fragment of mass. 2, Broken surface. 



620 



^ 



ALOE U. S. P. 

(1) Socotrine Aloes 

English name : Aloes. 

Synonyms : Socotrine Aloes. 

Botanical origin: Aloe Perryi Baker. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used: Inspissated juice of the leaves. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P, 

Assay : Not less than 50 per cent, soluble in cold water. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. 

Description : 

Socotrine Aloes occurs as masses packed in boxes or in animal 
skins. Socotrine aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the 
broken pieces is irregular. The texture is waxy. The color varies 
from a light to a dark yellowish brown. The surface is dull or 
slightly shiny. The fracture is conchoidal. The odor is aromatic. 
The taste is very strongly bitter and pungent. 

Constituents : Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N.F.; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ; Dose. 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 

1 pill. 
Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose. 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 
Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha? N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



621 




ALOE (CURACAO) 

1, 2, Two fragments of a large cake. 
622 



ALOE U. S. P. 

(2) Cura9ao Aloes 

English name : Aloes. 

Synonyms : Curacao Aloes. 

Botanical origin: "Aloe vera Linne. (Fam. Liliacece.) 

Part used: Inspissated juice of the leaves. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in cold water. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. 

Description : 

Curasao Aloes occurs as solidified masses packed in boxes or large 
gourds. Curasao aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the 
broken pieces is irregular. The size of the pieces is variable. 
The texture is waxy. The color varies from orange brown to 
blackish brown. The surface is dull and smooth. The fracture 
is conchoidal. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is very 
strongly bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N. P.; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes et Perri N. P. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. P. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose, 

1 pill. 
Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 
Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 



623 







ALOE (CAPE) 

1, 2, Two fragments of a large cake. 
624 



ALOE U. S. P. 

(3) Cape Aloes 

English name: Aloes. 

Synonyms: Cape Aloes. 

Botanical origin: Aloe ferox Miller. (Fani. Liliaceas.) 

Part used : Inspissated juice. 

Impurities : None given. 

Assay: Not less than 60 per cent, soluble in cold 
water; contains not more than 10 per cent, mois- 
ture. 

Ash : Not more than 4 per cent. 

Habitat: Africa, West Indies and Barbados Islands. 

Description : 

Cape Aloes occurs as solidified masses packed in boxes. Cape 
aloes is an inspissated juice. The outline of the broken pieces is 
irregular. The size of the pieces is variable. The texture is 
vitreous. The color is dark green. The surface is shiny and di- 
vided by fissures into numerous slightly adhering fragments. The 
fracture is even. The odor is strongly aromatic. The taste is very 
strongly bitter and pungent. 

Constituents: Aloin, emodin, resin, volatile oil, etc. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

Extractum Aloes N. F. ; Dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum; Dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Pilulae ad Prandium N. F. (4 kinds) ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes; Dose. 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafetidae N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes et Ferri N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae N. F. ; Dose, 2 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Composite N. F. ; Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli N. F. ;2Dose, 1 pill. 

Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammoniae Compositae N. F. ; Dose. 

1 pill. 
Pulvis Aloes et Canellae N. F. ; Dose. 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 
Tinctura Aloes; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae X. F. ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 
Tinctura Benzoini Composita ; Dose, 2 mils (30 min.). 






625 




GAMBIR 

1, Five nearly square cakes. 2, Rectangular cake. 3, Cut 
surface. 



626 



GAMBIR U. S. P. 

English name : Gambir. 

Synonyms : Pale Catechu. 

Botanical origin: Leaves and twigs of Ourouparia 
Gambir (Hunter) Baillon. (Fam. Rubiacece.) 

Part used: Dried extract. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay : Not less than 65 per cent, soluble in water, 60 
per cent, soluble in alcohol. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: East India Islands, 

Description : 

Gambir occurs as cubical or rectangular pieces. Gambir is an 
extract. The maximum length of the rectangular pieces is 4 
cm., the maximum width is 3 cm. The color varies from yellow- 
ish brown to black. The texture is starchy. The surface is sunken 
and frequently striated. The fracture is uneven. The fractured 
surface is dull and yellowish or grayish brown. The odor is not 
distinct. The taste is bitter and very strongly astringent. 

Constituents: Catechutannic acid, catechin, gum, ex- 
tractive, quercetin, etc. 

Dose: 1 6m. (15 grains). 

Preparations : 

Pulvis Gambir Compositus N. P.; Dose, 1.3 Gm. (20 grains). 
Tinctura Gambir Composita; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 
Trochisci Gambir N. F. ; Dose, 1 troche. 



627 




CAMPHORA 

1, 2, 3, Cakes and fragments of camphor. 



628 



CAMPHORA (Camph.) U. S. P. 

English name : Camphor. 

Synonyms : Gum Camphor. 

Botanical origin: Cinnamomum Camphora (Linne) 
Nees et Ebermaier. (Fam. Lauracece.) 

Part used : Ketone. 

Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : Not more than 0.05 per cent. 

Habitat: China and Japan; cultivated in Southern 

United States. 
Description : 

Camphor occurs as cakes or as broken pieces. Camphor is a 
ketone. The size of the cake is variable. The color is grayish 
white. The texture is waxy. The surface is rough, crystalline and 
fissured. The fracture is uneven. The fractured surface is angled, 
shiny and transparent. The odor is aromatic. The taste is 
puugent. 

Dose: By mouth, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Hypodermic, 
0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). 

Preparations : 

Aquae Camphora?; Dose, 10 mils (2V 2 fl. drs.). 

Ceratum Caniphorse N. F. 

Emplastrum Fuscum N. F. 

Linimentum Belladonna?. 

Linimentum Camphora?. 

Linimentum Chloroformi. 

Linimentum Saponis. 

Mistura Camphorae Acida N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Mistura Camphora? Aromatica X. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. drs.). 

Spiritus Camphorae; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Unguentum Camphorae N. F. 

Unguentum Fuscum N. F. 



629 




• # # t % « * 




% * 



e * t • 4 



coccus 

1, 2, Black cochineal (unofficial). 3, 4, The official sil- 
vered cochineal. 



630 



V\ 



CHAPTER XX 

DRUGS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 

THE drugs of animal origin vary so much that no 
one set of characters will cover all the different 
drugs, therefore the introduction to this group is 
omitted. Each drug, however, is minutely described 
in the following pages of the text. 

Coccus, cantharides and gelatin are of animal 
origin. 

Coccus is collected in Mexico from cactus plants. 
Only the bugs covered with the natural wax are 
official. 

Cantharides is a beetle, very characteristic in struc- 
ture and having well known properties. 

Gelatin is an animal mucilage prepared from bones. 
It is used largely as an adhesive agent, etc. 



COCCUS U. S. P. 

English name : Cochineal. 

Synonyms: Coccionella. 

Entomological origin: Coccus cacti Linne. (Fam. 

Coccidce.) 
Part used : Dried female insect. 
Impurities: None given in U. S. P. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash: Not more than 6 per cent. 
Habitat: On species of cacti growing in Mexico. 
Description : 

Coccus occurs as entire or broken pieces. Coccus is an insect. 
It has a maximum length of 6 mm. and a maximum width of 
6 mm. The texture is waxy. The color varies from gray to 
grayish purple. The upper surface is convex-channeled. The 
under surface is concave and has numerous larvae. The odor is 
not distinct. The taste is bitter. 

Constituents: Carminic acid (carmine red), wax (coc- 

cerin), fixed oil, fats, gum, etc. 
Preparations : 

Liquor Cocci N. F. (For coloring.) 
631 







CANTHARIS 

1, Mass of beetles. 2, Large beetles. 
4, Under surface of a beetle. 



3, Small beetle. 



632 



CANTHARIS U. S. P. 

English name : Cantharides. 

Synonyms : Spanish Flies, Russian Flies. 

Entomological origin: Cantharis vesicatoria (Linne) 
DeGeer. (Fam. Meloidece, order Coleoptera.) 

Part used : Dried beetles. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 0.6 per cent, of cantharidin nor 
more than 10 per cent, of moisture. 

Ash : Not more than 9 per cent. 

Habitat: Europe and Asia. 

Description : 

Cantharides occurs as entire and as broken pieces. Cantharides 
is a beetle. Cantharides has a maximum length of 25 mm. and a 
maximum width of 8 mm. The color varies from bluish green to 
yellowish green. The outline is oblong; the body is vertically 
compressed. The head is triangular and separated by a groove 
into two divisions. The eyes are small and lateral. The 
prothorax is angulate. The neck is distinct. The antennae are 
thread-like and 11-jointed. The mandibles are short and thick. 
There are three pairs of legs and each leg is 5-jointed except the 
last pair, which is 4-jointed and covered with white unicellular 
hairs. The wing sheaths are longitudinally grooved, and they 
usually inclose the brown wings. The odor is aromatic. The taste 
is pungent and acrid. 

Constituents: Cantharidin, fat, oil, volatile principle, 
chlorophyl, phosphates, acids, etc. 

Preparations : 

Ceratum Cantharidis. 

Collodium Cantharidatum. 

Emplastrum Cantharidis. 

Tinctura Cantharidis; Dose, 0.1 mil (1% min.). 



633 



«ij 



CETACEUM 

Fragment of large cake. 



634 



CETACEUM (Cetac.) U. S. P. . 

English name : Spermaceti. 

Synonyms : None. 

Origin: Physeter macrocephalus Linne. (Fam. Physe- 
teridce.) Sperm Whale. 

Part used : Concrete fatty substance from the head. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Specific gravity 0.938 to 0.944 at 25° C. ; dis- 
solves completely in 50 parts of boiling alcohol. 

Ash : None given officially. 

Description : 

White or yellowish-gray cakes; when freshly broken the surface is 
opaque, crystalline and slightly shiny ; odor very slight ; taste not 
distinct; becomes yellowish and rancid on exposure. 

Constituents: Cetin; esters of laurinic, stearic and 
myristic acids ; etc. 

Dose : Not used internally ; only pharmaceutical^. 

Preparations : 

None; ingredient of cerates, etc. 



635 




CERA FLAVA 

Fragment of wax. 






636 






CERA FLAVA (Cer. Flav.) U. S. P. 

English name : Yellow Wax. 
Synonyms: Beeswax. 

Entomological origin: Apis mellifera Linne. (Fam. 

Apidce.) 

Part used: Wax from the honeycomb. 

Impurities: None stated in U. S. P. 

Assay: Specific gravity 0.950 to 0.960 at 25°C; melt- 
ing-point 62° to 65° C. ; ester value not less than 
72 nor more than 77. 

Ash : None given officially. 

Description : 

Cakes of variable size and form, according to container in 
which it was cooled; color yellowish or yellowish brown; odor aro- 
matic, honey -like; taste bland and slightly pungent. 

Constituents: Cerin. ceryl alcohol, melissic acid, my- 
riein, aromatic and coloring matters, etc. 

Dose : Not used internally. 

Preparations : 

Cera Alba. (Used pharmaceutical^ and technically.) 



637 



MEL U. S. P. 

English name : Honey. 

Synonyms: None. 

Entomological origin: Apis mellifera Linne. (Fam. 
Apidce. ) 

Part used : Saccharine secretion. 

Impurities : None permitted. 

Assay : Specific gravity not less than 1.370. 

Ash: Not more than 0.3 per cent. 

Description : 

Honey is a viscid liquid of a yellowish color. Upon standing it 
becomes crystalline. The odor is aromatic. The taste is sweet. 

Constituents : Coloring matter, formic acid, wax, dex- 
trose, levulose, gum, etc. 

Dose : None given. 

Preparations : 

Mel Depuratum. 



DIASTASUM U. S. P. 

English name : Diastase. 

Synonyms : Diastase of Malt. 

Origin : Malt. 

Part used : A mixture containing amylolytic enzymes. 

Impurities : None mentioned in U. S. P. 

Assay: Converts not less than 50 times its weight of 
potato starch into sugars in 30 minutes. 

Ash: None stated in U. S. P. 

Description : 

Yellowish white, amorphous powder, or scales; odor and taste not 
distinct. 

Constituents: Amylolytic enzymes of undefined na- 
ture. 

Dose: 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 



Preparations 

None. 



638 



FEL BOVIS U. S. P. 

English name : Oxgall. 

Synonyms: Ox Bile. 

Origin: Bos taurus Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) 

Part used: Entire secretion. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: None given. 

Ash : None stated officially. 

Description : 

Dark, brownish green liquid; when shaken with water it becomes 
frothy; specific gravity, 1.015 to 1.025 at 25° C. 

Constituents: Glycocholates and taurocholates of so- 
dium and potassium; the bile-pigments bili- 
rubin and biliverdin; fat, soaps, mucin, albumi- 
nous matter, choline, cholesterin, traces of urea, 
potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium phos- 
phates, potassium and sodium chlorides, iron, 
manganese and silica. 

Dose : None given ; not used so much. 
Preparations : 

Extractum Fellis Bovis ; Dose, 0.1 Gm. (1% grains). 



PIX LITHANTHRACIS (Pix Lith.) N. F. 
English name : Coal Tar. 
Synonyms: Pix Carbonis. 
Origin: From coal. 

Part used: By-product in the manufacture of illumi 
nating gas. 

Impurities : None given officially. 
Assay: None given. 
Ash: Not more than 2 per cent. 
Description : 

Black, thick liquid or semi-solid; heavier than water; odor aro- 
matic, naphthalene-like; taste strongly pungent. 

Dose : Not used internally. 
Preparations : 

Liquor Picis Carbonis N. F. (Used externally.) 
G39 



SUPRARENALUM SICCUM 
(Supraren. Sice.) U. S. £. 

English name : Dried Suprarenals. 

Synonyms: Desiccated Suprarenal Glands. 

Origin : Animals used for food by man. 

Part used: Whole fresh glands, cleaned, dried, freed 

from fat, and powdered. One part represents 6 

parts of fresh gland. 
Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 
Assay: Biological; 1 Gm. contains the equivalent of 

10 milligrams of lasvo-methylamino-ethanol- 

catechol. Must not contain more than 7 per cent. 

of moisture. 
Ash: Not more than 7 per cent. 
Description : 

Yellowish brown, amorphous powder; odor slightly aromatic; taste 

slight. 

Constituents: Epinephrine (suprarenine) and other 

principles. 
Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 
Preparations : 

None. 



PARAFFINUM (Paraff.) U. S. P. 
English name : Paraffin. 
Synonyms : Hard Paraffin, Paraffin Wax. 
Origin: Petroleum. 

Part used : Mixture of solid hydrocarbons. 
Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 
Assay: Specific gravity about 0.900 at 25°C; melts at 

50° to 57° C. 
Ash: None given officially. 
Description : 

Grayish white solid; odor and taste not distinct; slightly greasy 
to the touch. 

Constituents: Solid hydrocarbons. 
Dose : Not used internally. 
Preparations : 

None. 

640 



SEVUM PRiEPARATUM (Sev. Prsep.) U. S. P. 

English name : Prepared Suet. 

Synonyms : Mutton Suet. 

Origin: Ovis aries Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) 

Part used : Purified internal fat of the abdomen of 

sheep. 
Impurities : Rancid fat must not be used. 

Assay: Melts between 45° and 50° C. ; congeals be- 
tween 37° and 40° C. ; saponification value not 
less than 193 nor more than 200 ; iodine value not 
less than 33 nor more than 48. 

Ash : None given. 

Description : 

White, solid fat; odor nearly wanting, not distinct; taste bland 
when fresh but becoming rancid on prolonged exposure. 

Constituents: Stearin, palmitin, olein, etc. 
Dose : Used only pharmaceutical^. 
Preparations : 

Sevum Benzoinatum N. F, (Ointment base.) 



HYPOPHYSIS SICCA (Hypophysis Sic.) U. S. P. 

English name: Desiccated Hypophysis. 
Synonyms : Desiccated Pituitary Body. 
Origin: Cattle. 

Part used: 1 Posterior lobe from pituitary be>dy of 

cattle, cleaned, dried and powdered. 
Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 
Assay: None given officially. 
Ash: None stated. 
Description : 

Yellowish or grayish, amorphous powder; odor peculiar; taste not 
distinctive; only partially soluble in water. 

Constituents: Not definitely determined. 
Dose: 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). 
Preparations : 

Liquor Hypophysis; Dose, 1 mil (15 min.). 
641 



PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM (Petrolat. Liq.) U. S. P. 

English name: Liquid Petrolatum. 

Synonyms : Mineral Oil, Liquid Paraffin. 

Origin : From petroleum. 

Part used : Natural mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. 

Impurities : None mentioned in U. S. P. 

Assay: Specific gravity 0.828 to 0.905 at 25 °C. The 
light liquid petrolatum has a viscosity of not more 
than 3, heavy liquid petrolatum not less than 3.1. 

Ash : None given officially. 
Description : 

Colorless, transparent, oily liquid; odorless; tasteless. 

Constituents : Liquid hydrocarbons. 
Dose: 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Preparations : 

Petroxolinum Liquidum N. F. (Used as vehicle externally.) 
Petroxolinum Spissum N. F. (Ointment base.) 



PETROLATUM (Petrolat.) U. S. P. 
English name: Petrolatum. 

Synonyms: Petroleum Jelly, Petrolatum Ointment. 
Origin: Petroleum. 

Part used: Purified natural mixture of semi-solid 
hydrocarbons. 

Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. 

Assay: Specific gravitv 0.820 to 0.865 at 60°C. ; melt- 
ing-point 38° to 54° C. 

Ash: None mentioned officially. 

Description : 

Yellow to light amber, unctuous mass; odor and taste very faint. 

Constituents: Semi-solid hydrocarbons. 
Dose : Used externally and as ointment base. 
Preparations : 

Eimilsum Petrolati N. F. : Dose, 15 mils (4 fl. drs.). 
Petrolatum Album. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.) 

642 



ADEPS U. S. P. 

English name : Lard. 

Synonyms : Prepared Lard. 

Origin: Sus scrofa var. domestica Gray. (Fam. 

Suidce.) 
Part used: Purified internal fat of the abdomen. 
Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. 

Assay: Iodine value not less than 46 nor more than 
70; saponification value not less than 195 nor 
more than 203. 

Ash : None stated. 

Description : 

Soft, white unctuous solid; odor slight; taste bland and not dis- 
tinct; melts between 36° and 42° C. ; gets rancid on keeping. 

Constituents: Stearin, olein, palmitin, etc. 

Dose : Used pharmaceutically and in the household. 

Preparations : 

Adeps Benzoinatus. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.) 



ADEPS LANJK (Adeps Lan.) U. S. P. 

English name : Wool Fat. 

Synonyms : Anhydrous Lanolin. 

Origin: Ovis aries Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) 

Part used : Purified sheep 's-wool fat. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Iodine value not less than 18 nor more than 28. 

Ash : Not more than 0.1 per cent. ; not alkaline to lit- 
mus paper. 

Description : 

Light yellow stringy (when pulled), tenacious, unctuous mass; 
odor faint; melts between 38° and 42° C. 

Constituents: Free fatty acids, fatty acid esters of 
cholesterin and other alcohols. 

Dose : Used externally only. 

Preparations : 

Adeps Lanne Hydrosus. (Used externally and pharmaceutically.). 
643 



MOSCHUS (Mosch.) U. S. P. 
English name: Musk. 
Synonyms : Tonquin Musk, Deer Musk. 
Origin: Moschus moschiferus Linne. (Fam. Mos- 

chidce.) 
Part used : Dried secretion from the preputial follicles. 
Assay: Not more than 15 per cent, of moisture; not 

less than 50 per cent, is soluble in water and 10 

per cent, in alcohol. 
Ash: Not more than 8 per cent. 
Habitat : 
Description : 

Small, blackish, irregular granules; glistening and somewhat oily; 
odor peculiar, powerful and persistent; taste somewhat bitter. 

Constituents: Volatile odorous substances; choles- 
terin, fat, wax, gelatinous and albuminous com- 
pounds; salts. 

Dose: 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

Preparations : 

Tinctura Moschi; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 



PANCREATIN (Pancreat.) U. S. P. 
English name : Pancreatin. 
Synonyms: None. 
Origin: Sus scrofa var. domestica Gray (Fam. Suidce) ; 

or Bos taurus Linne (Fam. Bovidce). 
Part used : Mixture of enzymes. 
Impurities : None stated in U. S. P. 
Assay: Converts not less than 25 times its weight of 

starch into soluble carbohydrates. 
Ash : None stated officially. 
Description : 

Cream colored amorphous powder; odor faint, aromagic; taste 
peculiar. r 

Constituents : The enzymes trypsin, amylopsin, steap- 

sin, myopsin and rennin. 
Preparations : 

Liquor Pancreatini N. F. ; Dose, 4 mils (1 fl. dr.). 

Pulvis Pancreatini Compositus N. F. (Used for peptonizing milk.) 

644 



THYROIDUM SICCUM (Thyroid. Sice.) U. S. P. 

English name : Dried Thyroids. 

Synonyms : Desiccated Thyroid Glands. 

Origin : Animals used for food by man. 

Part used: Whole gland, freed from connective tissue 
and fat, dried and powdered. 

Impurities : None given in U. S. P. 

Assay: Not less than 0.17 per cent, nor more than 0.23 
per cent, of iodine in thyroid combination. Must 
not contain more than 6 per cent, moisture. 

Ash : Must not exceed 5 per cent. 

Description : 

Yellowish, amorphous powder ; slightly aromatic ; taste distinctive. 
One part represents five parts of fresh gland. 

Constituents: Iodine organically combined. 
Dose: 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). 
Preparations : 

None. 



RENNINUM N. P. 

English name: Rennin. 

Synonyms: None in common use. 

Origin: Bos taurus Linne. (Fam. Bovidce.) 

Part used : Milk-curdling enzyme from the stomach of 
the calf. 

Impurities : None given officially. 

Assay: Coagulates not less than 25,000 times its own 
weight of fresh milk. 

Ash : None stated. 

Description : 

Grayish yellow powder or scales; odor slightly aromatic; taste 
slightly saline; slightly hygroscopic; deteriorates rapidly on keeping. 

Constituents : Enzymes of undefined composition. 
Dose: None given officially. 
Preparations : 

Elixir Pepsini et Rennini Compositum N. F. ; Dose, 8 mils (2 fl. 
drs.). 

645 




Insect Flowers, 400 lbs. Always wired and in same style 
package. 

646 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 

[Definitions derived from various authorities: 
Gray, Kraemer, Mansfield] 
Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so, or with stem subterranean. 
Achene. A small dry and hard 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. 
Acuminate. Tapering at the end. 

Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well defined angle. 
Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. Adnate 

Anther, one attached for its whole length to the inner or outer face 

of the filament. 
Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud. 
Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo. 
Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic. 
Alternate (of leaves, etc.). Not opposite to each other on the axis, but 

arranged singly at different heights. 
Ament. A catkin, or scaly spike. 
Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted and straight, with the 

hilum lateral. 
Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network. 
Androzcium. Aggregrate of stamens in the flower. 

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of both staminate and pistil- 
late flowers. 
Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp. 
Annular. In the form of a ring. 
Anther. The polleniferous part of a stamen. 
Apetalous. Having no petals. 

Apothecia. Disk-like or cup-shaped bodies on the surface of the thallus. 
Appressed. Lying close and flat against. 

ArU. An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed. 
Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint. 
Attenuate. Slenderly tapering; becoming very narrow. 
Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage. 
Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage. 

Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. 
Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; 

a stem, etc. 
Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually reflexed 

like the barb of a fish-hook. 
Bast Fibers. Strengthening cells of the cortex. 

Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished with long or stiff hairs. 
Berry. A fruit the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy. 
Biennial. Of two years' duration. 
Bifid. Two-cleft. 
Bilabiate. Two-lipped. 
BUocular. Two-celled. 

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils. 
Bivalvular. With two valves. 
Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf, etc. 
Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging 

to an inflorescence. 
Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower. 
Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch ; an unexpanded 

flower 
Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales or coats. 
Caducous. Falling off very early. 
Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower. 
Cambium. Layer of cells between the cortex and the wood. 
Campanulate. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a broad base. 
. Campy lotropous (ovule or seed). So curved as to bring the apex and 

base nearly together. 
Canescent. Hoary with gray pubescence. 

647 



Capillary. Hair-like. 

Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of a capsule. 

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel. 

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. 

Carpophore. The slender prolongation of the floral axis which in the 

Umbelliferae supports the pendulous ripe carpels. 
Caryopsis. A grain, as of Grasses ; a seed-like fruit with a thin peri- 
carp adnate to the contained seed. 
Catkin. An ament. 

Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage. 

Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which plants 
are formed; any structure containing a cavity, as the cells of 
anther, ovary, etc. 
Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transparent thin-walled cells, in 

distinction from fibrous or vascular. 
Channeled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter. 
Chlorophyl. The green coloring-matter within the cells of plants. 
Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as the young frond of a fern. 
Coccus (ph Cocci). One of the parts into which a lobed fruit with one- 
seeded cells splits. 
Cohesion. The union of one organ with another of like nature. 
Commissure. The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the 

Umbelliferae. 
Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one whole. 

Compound leaf, one divided into separate leaflets. 
Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally. 
Coniferous. Cone-bearing. 
Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally. 
Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point upward. 
Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. 

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid. 
Corolla. The 'inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals. 
Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds. 
Cortex. Bark of the root or stem. 

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stricter use 
of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme progressing in its 
flowering from the margin inward. 
Cotyledons. The foliar- portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the 

embryo as found in the seed. 
Crateriform. In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more 

shallow. 
Crenate. Having rounded teeth on the leaf margin. 
Cruciate. Cross-shaped. 
Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture. 
Culm. The peculiar stem of Sedges and Grasses. 

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward. 
Cuspidate. See Mucronate. 
Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e., with 

its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest. 
Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen. 
Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty. 
Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or 

anther. 
Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A. 
Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward. 
Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above. 
Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets. 
Diandrous. Having two stamens. 
Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons. 
Digitate. Compound, with the members arising together at the apex of 

the support. 
Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. 

Dioecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate plants. 
Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head; in Composite, one without 

ray-flowers. 
Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the 
pistil. In Composite, the tubular flowers of the head as distinct 
from the ray. 
Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ. 

648 



Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the pericarp 
(one-celled and one-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or 
stony. 

Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the extremity. 

Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed. 

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp. 

Endo dermis. Innermost layer of cells of the cortex. 

Endogenous. Growing throughout the substance of the stem, instead of 
by superficial layers. 

Entire. Without toothing or division. 

Epicarp. The outer layer of the pericarp or matured ovary. 

Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells. 

Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another plant, but not parasitic; 
an air -plant. 

Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers. 

Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near the surface; belonging to 
the Exogens. 

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla. 

Farinaceous. Containing starch; starch-like. 

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. 

Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together. 

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit; or productive, as a flower having 
a pistil, or an anther with pollen. 

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers. Fibrous Tissue, a tissue 
formed of elongated thick-walled cells. 

Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibers and ducts. 

Filament. The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any thread- 
like body. 

Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender and terete. 

Flaccid. Without rigidity; lax and weak. 

Floret. A small flower, usually one of a dense cluster. 

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance. 

Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral 
suture. 

Free. Not adnate to other organs. 

Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggre- 
gated, of whatever form. 

Fugacious. Falling or fading very early. 

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward 
each end. 

Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a galea. 

Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla more or less united. 

Gamosepalous. Having the sepals united. 

Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side. 

Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy. 

Gland. A secreting surface or structure ; any protuberance or append- 
age having the appearance of such an organ. 

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom. 

Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds, without an ovary. 

(1 nun rim, i. Abrogate of pistils in a flower. 

Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon the pistil, as in Orchi- 
daceae. 

Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing out- 
ward nearly at right angles. 

Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very 
short axis or receptacle. 

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground. 

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the seed. 

Hirsute. Pubescent witli rather coarse or stiff hairs. 

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles. 

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence. 

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species. 

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free 
from the calyx ; having the petals and stamens so situated. 

Imhricate. Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower 
piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the 
aestivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least one piece must be 
wholly external and one internal. 

Impressed. Bent inward, hollowed or furrowed as if by pressure. 

640 



Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply. 

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc. ; remaining persistently closed. 

Indigenous. Native and original to the region. 

Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior. Inferior Ovary, one that 

is adnate to the calyx. 
Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode 

of its arrangement. 
Inserted. Attached to or growing out of. 
Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes. 
Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis. 
Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower cluster 

or head, or a single flower. 
Involute. Rolled inward. 
Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior 

united petals of a papilionaceous flower. 
Labiate. Lipped; belonging to the Labiatae. 
Laciniate. Slashed ; cut into narrow pointed lobes. 
Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge. 
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide, 

broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex. 
Latex. Milk; milky juice. 
Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. 
Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosse, formed of a simple pistil and 

usually dehiscent by both sutures. 
Lenticels. Fissures in the cortex which permit easy access of air to the 

cells beneath. 
Lenticular. Lentil-shaped; of the shape of a double-convex lens. 
Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray -flowers of Composite; a 

thin scarious projection from the summit of the sheath in Grasses. 
Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla above the 

throat; the expanded portion of any petal or a leaf. 
Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or 

calyx: the peculiar upper (but by a twist of the pedicel apparently 

lower) petal in Orchids. 
Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded. 
Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell through the dorsal 

suture. 
Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin, rather soft, and more or less 

translucent. 
Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of Umbelliferse. 
Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which was the orifice of the 

ovule. 
Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in Selaginellacese, etc. 
Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf. 
Monadelphous (stamens). United by their filaments into a tube or 

column. 
Monocotyledonous. Having but one cotyledon. 
Mucronate. Having the apex of the leaf like a continuation of the 

midrib. 
Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib. 
Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of 



Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the 

seed ; the kernel of a seed. 
Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually 

resulting from a compound ovary. 
Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex. 
Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted egg. 
Opaque. Dull; neither shining nor translucent. 
Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules. 
Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the 

broader end downward. 
Ovule. The body which after fertilization becomes the seed. 
Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided. 
Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate 

flowers. 
Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard, wings, and keel, as in 

the peculiar corolla of many Leguminosae. 

650 



m 



Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Compositae, forming a crown of very 

various character at the summit of the achene. 
Parenchyma. Soft tissue of cells with unthickened walls. 
Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a 

capsule. 
Pedicel. The support of a single flower. 
Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a 

solitary flower. 
Peltate. Shield-shaped and attached to the support by the lower surface. 
Perennial. Lasting year after year. 
Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens. 
Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla 

(when present), whatever their form. 
Pericarp. The matured ovary. 
Periderm. Outer layer of the bark or cortex. 
Petal. A division of the corolla. 
Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf. 
Phcenogamous. Having flowers with stamens and pistils and producing 



Phloem. Cell layers between the cambium and cortex. 

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs. 

Pinnate (leaf).* Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a 
common petiole. 

Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, 
stigma, and style when present. 

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules. 

Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather, 
as the pappus -bristles of some Thistles. 

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the embryo. 

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. 

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther. 

Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type. 

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and down-like. 

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands 
or colored dots. 

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid. 

Putamen. The shell of a nut ; the bony part of a stone-fruit. 

Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common 
more or less elongated axis. 

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around a common center ; bear- 
ing ray-flowers. 

Radicle. The portion of the embryo below the cotyledons, more properly 
called the caudicle. 

Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence 
when distinct from the disk. 

Receptacle. The more or less expanded portion of an axis which bears 
the organs of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers of a 
head; any similar structure in Cryptogams. 

Reniform. Kidney-shaped: applied to leaves. 

Reticulate. In the form of network; net-veined. 

Retrorse. Directed back or downward. 

Revolute. Having both leaf margins inrolled lengthwise. 

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf. 

Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which in an anatropous ovule con- 
nects the two ends. 

Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the 
nodes and becoming erect at the apex. 

Root. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourish- 
ment. 

Rootstock. Same as Rhizome. 

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed down- 
ward. 

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. 

Scabrous. Rough to the touch. 

Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper 
foliage. 

Sclerenchymatous. Of sclerenchyma, that is, of tissue composed of cells 
with thickened and hardened walls. 

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats. 

651 



Sepal. A division of a calyx. 

Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the partitions and between the 
cells. 

Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward. 

Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind. 

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree, usually with several 
stems. 

Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferae. 

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. 

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or 
nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis. 

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem. 

Spore. The reproductive organ in Cryptogams, which in function corre- 
sponds to a seed but possesses no embryo. 

Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, 
usually nectariferous. 

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing organs of the flower. 

Stele. Central cylinder (within the bark) of woody fiber. 

Stellar, Stelliform. Star-shaped. 

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant. 

Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or a stamen without 
an anther. 

Stigma. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen 
is effected. 

Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil ; the leaf -stalk of a fern. 

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its 
insertion. 

Stoma (pi. Stomata). An orifice in the epidermis of a leaf communi- 
cating with internal air cavities. 

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs. 

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales, as in 
the Hop and Pine Cone. 

Style. The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the 
stigma and ovary. 

Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to the number of its parts; having 
the same number of parts in each circle. 

Testa. The outer commonly hard and brittle seed-coat. 

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two shorter stamens. 

Thallus. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion taking the place of stem 
and foliage. 

Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx; the part be- 
tween the proper tube and the limb. 

Torus. The receptacle of a flower. 

Truncate. When the end of the leaf appears to be cut off. 

Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean branch having numerous 
buds or eyes. 

Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber -like (not necessarily subterranean) 
body. 

Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber; tuber-like in appearance. 
- Umbel. An inflorescence in which the peduncles or pedicels of a cluster 
spring from the same point. 

Unisexual. Of one sex; either staminate or pistillate only. 

Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; any small bladder -like body. 

Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule splits. 

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, espe- 
cially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves). 

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ : the 
opposite of dorsal. 

Vermiform. Worm-shaped. 

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. 

Verticil. A whorl. 

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl. 

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity. 

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs. 

Viscid. Glutinous ; sticky. 

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem. 

Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs. 



652 



TABLE SHOWING THE LIMIT OF FOR- 
EIGN MATTER AND OF ASH SET BY 
THE U.S.P. OR N.F.; ALSO 
THE ASSAYS 

Compiled for the convenient use of examiners 
and analysts of drugs. Where no statements are 
made, the official standards do not give any data. 

ABSINTHIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

ACACIA.— Ash 4 per cent.; 15 per cent, moisture in powder. 

ACONITTJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 6 per cent.; 
assay 0.5 per cent, ether-soluble alkaloids. Biological 
assay recommended. 

ADONIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. 

AGARICUS. — Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 2 per cent. 
White yields to boiling alcohol not less than 50 per cent, 
resinous extract. 

ALETRIS.— Ash 16 per cent. 

ALOE.— Ash 4 per cent.; moisture 10 per cent. Of Socotrine 
aloes not less than 50 per cent, is soluble in cold water; 
of Curasao and Cape aloes not less than 60 per cent, is 
water-soluble. 

ALTHJEA.— Ash 8 per cent. 

ALTHJEJE FOLIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 16 per 
cent. 

AMYGDALA DULCIS.— Ash 4 per cent. 

ANGELICA FRTJCTUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 
8 per cent. 

ANGELICA RADIX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per 
cent. 

ANISUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. 

APII FRUCTUS.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 8 per 
cent. 

APOCYNTJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

ARALIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

ASAFOSTIDA.— Ash 15 per cent.; ash from powder 30 per 
cent.; assay yields not less than 60 per cent, alcohol- 
soluble constituents, the powder yielding 50 per cent. 

653 



ASARUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. 

ASCLEPI AS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. 

ASPIDIUM.— Ash 3 per cent. 

ASPIDOSPERMA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent. 

AURANTII AMARI CORTEX.— Ash 7 per cent. 

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.— Acid number 56 to 84; sa- 
ponification value 235 to 238; assay 56 to 58 per cent, 
einnamein. 

BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.— Acid number 112 to 168; sa- 
ponification value 154 to 220. 

BAPTISI A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

BELLADONNA FOLIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 
20 per cent.; assay 0.3 per cent, alkaloids. 

BELLADONNA RADIX.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 
7 per cent.; assay 0.45 per cent, alkaloids. 

BENZOINUM.— Ash, Sumatra, 2.5 per cent.; Siam, 2 per 
cent.; assay 75 per cent, of Sumatra benzoin dissolves in 
alcohol and 90 per cent, of Siam benzoin is alcohol- 
soluble. 

BERBERIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; berberis without 
bark should be rejected; ash 5 per cent. 

BOLDO.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

BR A YERA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. 

BRYONIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. 

BTJCHIL— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 4 per cent. 

CACAO PR APARATUM.— Assay yields 14 to 22 per cent, 
extractive to cold water, not less than 18 per cent, fat to 
ether, and the fatty residue has no spicy odor or taste; 
crude fiber 6 per cent.; starch 12 per cent.; ash 3.5 to 8 
per cent., reddish. 

CALENDULA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 11 per cent. 

CALUMBA.— Ash 8 per cent. 

CAMBOGIA.— Ash 2 per cent.; assay 65 per cent, soluble in 
alcohol. 

C AMPHORA.— Ash 0.05 per cent.; dextrorotatory. 

CANELLA.— Ash 7 per cent. 

CANNABIS.— Ash 15 per cent.; assay 8 per cent.; bright 
green alcohol extractive. Biologically assayed on dogs. 

CANTHARIS.— Ash 9 per cent.; assay 0.6 per cent, canthari- 
din; 10 per cent, moisture. Cantharides with ammoniacal 
odor must not be used. 

654 



CAPSICUM.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 7 per cent., the 
amount insoluble in hydrochloric acid not exceeding 1 
per cent, of weight of capsicum taken; assay 15 per cent, 
non-volatile ether-soluble extractive. 

CARBO LIGNI.-Ash 7.5 per cent. 

CARDAMOMI SEMEN.— Ash 8 per cent. 

CARUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. 

CARYOPHYLLUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per 
cent., the amount of which insoluble in hydrochloric acid 
does not exceed 0.5 per cent, weight of clove taken; assay 
10 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether. 

CASCARILL A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

C AST ANE A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

CATARIA.— Ash 16 per cent. 

CAULOPHYLLUM.— Ash 6 per cent. 

CENTAURIUM.-Ash 5 per cent. 

CERA ALBA.— Ester value 72 to 79. 

CERA FLA VA.— Ester value 72 to 77. 

CHIMAPHILA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. 

CHIONANTHUS.— Foreign matter 8 per cent.; ash 5 per 
cent. 

CHIRATA.— Ash 6 per cent. 

CIMICIFUGA.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

CINCHONA.— Assay 5 per cent, alkaloids. 

CINCHONA RUBRA.— Assay 5 per cent, alkaloids. 

CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM.— Assay 2 per cent, volatile 
extractive soluble in ether; ash 6 per cent., amount in- 
soluble in diluted hydrochloric acid not exceeding 2 per 
cent, of weight of drug taken. 

CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM.-Ash 6 per cent., amount 
insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid not exceeding 2 per 
cent, of weight of drug taken; assay 0.5 per cent, vola- 
tile extractive soluble in ether. 

COCCULUS INDICUS.-Ash 5 per cent. 

COCCUS.— Ash 6 per cent. 

COCILLANA.-Ash 10 per cent. 

COFFEA TOSTA.— Ash 3 to 5 per cent.; assay 1 per cent, 
caffeine, 10 per cent. fat. 

COLCHICI CORMUS.— Ash 6 per cent.; assay 0.35 per cent, 
colchicine. 

COLCHICI SEMEN.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 0.45 per cent, 
colchicine. 

655 



COLOCYNTHIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent, seeds, 2 per 
cent, epicarp; ash 15 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, fixed oil 
on extraction with purified petroleum benzin. 

CONDURANGO.— Ash 12 per cent. 

CONIUM.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 0.5 per cent, coniine. \r 

CONVALLARLEJ FLORES.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; 
ash 12 per cent. 

CONVALLARLE RADIX. -Ash 10 per cent. 

COPAIBA.— Resin 36 per cent.; acid value 28 to 95. 

COPTIS.— Ash 8 per cent. 

CORIANDRUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per 
cent.; assay 0.5 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in 
ether. 

CORNUS.— Ash 10 per cent. 

COR YD ALIS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. 

CROCUS.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 7.5 per cent, in- 
fusible; moisture 14 per cent. 

CUBEBA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 8 per cent.; 
assay 10 per cent, volatile extractive soluble in ether. 

CYPRIPEDITJM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per 

cent. 
D AMI AN A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 
DELPHINIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

DI AST ASUM.— Assay; converts 50 parts potato starch into 

sugar. 
DIGITALIS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 15 per cent.; 

biological assay recommended. 

DIOSCOREA.— Ash 7 per cent. 
DROSERA.— Ash 30 per cent. 
DULCAMARA.— Ash 6 per cent. 
ECHINACEA.— Ash 6 per cent. 

ERGOT A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 
ERIODICTYON.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 
EUCALYPTUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent. 
EUONYMUS.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. 
EUPATORIUM.-Ash 10 per cent. 
EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA.— Ash 12 per cent. 
FARFARA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 20 per cent. 
FOZNICULUM.— Foreign matter 4 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. 
FRANGULA.— Ash 6 per cent. 
FRAXINUS.-Ash 10 per cent. 

656 



FUCUS.— Ash 20 per cent. 

GALANGA.— Ash 10 per cent. 

GALEGA.— Ash 20 per cent. 

GALLA.— Xot more than 5 per cent, floats in water. 

GAMBIR.— Ash 9 per cent.; assay 65 per cent, soluble in 
water, 60 per cent, alcohol-soluble. 

GELATINTJM.— Ash 2 per cent. 

GENTIANA.— Ash 6 per cent. 

GERANIUM.— Ash 8 per cent. 

GLYCYRRHIZA.-Ash 7 per cent. 

GOSSYPII CORTEX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per 
cent. 

GOSSYFIUM PURIFICATUM.- Ash 0.2 per cent. 

GRINDELIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent. 

GUAIACI LIGNUM.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 15 per cent. 

extractive to alcohol. 

GUAIACUM.— Ash 4 per cent. 
GUARANA.— Assay 4 per cent, caffeine. 

GUTTA PERCHA.— Ash 5 per cent.; 90 per cent, soluble in 
chloroform, carbon disulphide, petroleum benzin or oil 
turpentine. 

ILSMATOXYLON— Ash 3.5 per cent. 

HAMAMELIDIS FOLIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 
6 per cent. 

HELONIAS.— Ash 5 per cent. 

HUMULUS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. 

HYDRANGEA.— Ash 3 per cent. 

HYDRASTIS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; assay 2.5 per cent, 
ether-soluble alkaloids. 

HYOSCYAMUS.— Ash 30 per cent.; assay 0.065 per cent, 
alkaloids. 

IGNATIA.— Ash 4 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, alkaloids. 

INULA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

IPECACUANHA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 1.8 to 4.5 
per cent.; assay 1.75 per cent, ether-soluble alkaloids. 

IRIS.— Ash 2 to 5 per cent. 

IRIS VERSICOLOR.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per 
cent. 

JALAPA.— Ash 6.5 per cent.; assay 7 per cent, total resins. 

JUGLANS.— Ash 8 per cent. 

S57 



JUNIPERUS.— Ash 5 per cent.; reject old or insect-infected 
fruit. 

KAVA.— Ash 8 per cent. 

KINO.— Ash 3 per cent.; moisture 12 per cent.; assay 40 per 
cent, soluble in boiling water, 45 per cent, alcohol ex- 
tractive. 

KOLA.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 1.5 per cent, caffeine. 

KRAMERIA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent.; 
assay 9 per cent, aqueous extractive. 

LACTUCARIUM.— Ash 10 per cent.; moisture 15 per cent. 

LAPPA.— Ash 6 per cent. 

LEPTANDRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 12 per cent. 

LINUM.— Foreign matter 3 per cent.; ash 6 per cent.; assay 
petroleum benzin extracts 30 per cent, fixed oil, 98 per 
cent, saponifiable. 

LOBELIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 8 per cent. 

LUPULIN.— Ash 16 per cent.; assay 60 per cent, soluble in 
ether. 

LYCOPODIUM.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 3 per cent. 

MACIS.— Ash 3 per cent.; almost completely soluble in hydro- 
chloric acid; assay 8 per cent, volatile ether extract, 20 
to 30 per cent, non-volatile ether extract. 

MALTUM.— Assay converts 5 times its weight of starch into 
sugar. 

MALVJE FOLIA.— Ash 16 per cent. 

MANNA.— Acid number not less than 65; soluble completely 
in ether, almost entirely in alcohol. 

MATICO.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 18 per cent. 

MEL.— Ash 0.3 per cent. 

MELILOTUS.-Ash 10 per cent. 

MENYANTHES.— Ash 10 per cent. 

MOSCHUS.— Ash 8 per cent.; moisture 15 per cent.; 50 per 
cent, soluble in water, 10 per cent, alcohol-soluble. 

MYRIC A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 6 per cent. 

MYRISTICA.— Ash 5 per cent.; reject broken or wormy 
kernels. 

MYRRHA.— Ash 8.5 per cent.; 5 per cent, soluble in alcohol. 

NUX VOMICA.— Ash 3.5 per cent.; assay 2.5 per cent, alka- 
loids. 

OPIUM.— Assay in normal moist condition, 9.5 per cent, an- 
hydrous morphine. 

658 



OPIUM DEODORATUM, OPIUM GRANULATUM and OPII 
PULVIS.— Assay 10 to 10.5 per cent, anhydrous mor- 
phine. 

PANCREATINUM.— Assay; converts 25 parts starch into 
soluble carbohydrates. • 

PAPAVERIS FRUCTUS.— Ash 10 per cent.; remove and re- 
ject the seeds before using pharmaceutically. 

PARACOTO.— Ash 3 per cent. 

PAREIRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

PASSIFLORA.— Ash 12 per cent. 

PEPO.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

PEPSINUM.— Assay; digests 3000 parts freshly coagulated 

and disintegrated egg albumin. 
PERSIO.— Ash 35 per cent., mainly sodium chloride. 
PETROLATUM.— Ash 0.05 per cent. 

PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM.— Light, viscosity not more 
than 3; heavy, viscosity not less than 3.1. 

PETROSELINI RADIX. -Ash 6 per cent. 

PETROSELINUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

PHYSOSTIGMA.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 0.15 per cent, alka- 
loids. 
PHYTOLACCA.— Ash 14 per cent. 

PILOCARPUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 7 per cent.; 
assay 0.6 per cent, alkaloids. 

PIMENT A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; crude fiber 25 per 
cent.; ash 6 per cent. 

PIMPINELLA.— Ash 5 per cent. 

PINUS ALBA.— Ash 3 per cent. 

PIPER.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 7 per cent., of which 
the amount insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does 
not exceed 2 per cent, of weight of pepper taken; assay 
G per cent, non-volatile extract soluble in ether; 25 per 
cent, starch. 

PIX LITHANTHRACIS.— Ash 2 per cent. 

PODOPHYLLUM.— Ash 3 per cent.; assay 3 per cent, resin. 

PULSATILLA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

PYRETHRUM.— Ash 5 per cent. 

QUERCUS.— Ash 7 per cent. 

QUILLAJA.— Ash 10 per cent. 

RENNINUM.— Assay; coagulates 25,000 parts fresh milk. 

RESINA.— Ash 0.05 per cent.; acid number 150. 

650 



... 



RHAMNUS CATHARTIC A.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 
5 per cent. 

RHEUM.— Ash 13 per cent.; assay 30 per cent, dry extract 
when exhausted with diluted alcohol. 

RHUS GLABRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 4 per cent. 

ROSA GALLIC A.— Ash 3*5 per cent. 

RUBUS.— Ash 5 per cent. 

RUMEX.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

SACCHARUM.— Ash 0.05 per cent. 

SACCHARUM LACTIS.— Ash 0.1 per cent. 

SAMBUCUS.— Ash 8 per cent. 

SANTALUM ALBUM.— Ash 8 per cent. 

SANTALUM RUBRUM.-Ash 3 per cent. 

SARSAPARILLA.— Ash 10 per cent. 

SASSAFRAS.— Foreign matter 2 per cent.; ash 30 per cent. 

SC AMMONIA RADIX.— Assay 8 per cent, resins. 

SCILLA.— Ash 9 per cent.; assayed biologically. 

SCOP ARIUS.— Ash 5 per cent. 

SCUTELLARIA.— Ash 12 per cent. 

SENECIO.— Ash 10 per cent. 

SENEGA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

SENNA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 12 per cent., of 
which the amount insoluble in hydrochloric acid does not 
exceed 3 per cent, of drug taken. 

SERPENTARIA.— Foreign matter 10 per cent. 

SEVUM PR^PARATUM.— Saponification value 193 to 200; 
iodine value 33 to 48. 

SINAPIS ALBA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per cent. 

SIN APIS NIGRA.— Foreign matter 5 per cent.; ash 9 per 
cent. 

SOLANUM.— Ash 6 per cent. 

SPIGELI A.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 10 per cent. 

ST APHIS AGRI A.— Foreign matter 2 per cent. 

STILLINGIA.— Ash 5 per cent. 

STRAMONIUM.— Foreign matter 10 per cent.; ash 20 per 
cent.; assay 0.25 per cent, alkaloids. 

^ STROPHANTHUS.— Ash 5 per cent.; assayed biologically. 

^r STYRAX.— Ash 1 per cent.; acid value 56 to 85; saponifica- 
tion value 170 to 230. 

660 



SUCCUS CITRL— Assay 5 to 10 Gm. crystal citric acid in 100 
mils. 

SUPRARENALUM SICCUM.— Ash 7 per cent.; moisture 7 
per cent.; assay 0.4 to 0.6 per cent, epinephrine. 

TARAXACUM.— Ash 10 per cent. 

TEREBINTHINA LARICIS.-Acid number 80. 

THUJA.— Foreign matter 1 per cent.; ash 7 per cent. 

THYMUS.— Ash 14 per cent. 

THYROIDEUM SICCUM.— Assay 0.17 to 0.23 per cent, 
iodine; moisture 6 per cent.; ash 5 per cent. 

TRAGACANTHA.— Ash 3.5 per cent. 

TRIFOLIUM.— Ash 10 per cent. 

TRILLIUM.— Ash 5 per cent. 

TRITICUM.— Ash 3 per cent. 

UVA URSL— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

VALERIANA.— Ash 20 per cent. 

VANILLA.— Ash 6 per cent.; assay yields 12 per cent, ex- 
tractive to diluted alcohol. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

VERBASCI FLORES.— Ash 6 per cent. 

VERBASCI FOLIA. -Ash 14 per cent. 

VERBENA.— Ash 10 per cent. 

VIBURNUM OPULUS.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.— Foreign matter 5 per cent. 

XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS.-Ash 7 per cent. 

ZEDO ARIA.— Ash 7 per cent. 

ZINGIBER.— Ash 8 per cent.; assay 2 per cent, non- volatile 
extract soluble in ether and 4 per cent, alcohol-soluble 
extract. 



661 




Jamaica Dogwood, 500 lbs. New burlap and new %-inch 
rope. Open on * the broad sides of the bale. No other 
drug comes to market in this packing. 

662 



^W 



DOSES of U. S. P. and N. F. Products 

Arranged from Lowest to Highest 



ABBREVIATIONS : 

6m. =|Gi'amme(s) mil ^milliliter (orCe.) 

gr. = grain (s) min.=minini(s) 



EQUIVALENTS: 

1 6m. =15 grs. 1 mil =15 min. 
0.5 Gm. = 8 grs. 4 mils = 1 fl. dr. 



Part I— Liquids 



0.008 mil (i/ 8 minim) 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile, U.S. P. 

0.03 mil (y 2 minim) 

Benzaldehydum, U.S. p. 

Fluidextractum Aconiti, U.S. P. 

Fluidextractum Gelsemii, U.S. P. 

Oleum Amygdalae Amara?, u.s.P. 
0.05 mil (1 minim) 

Cresol, U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Belladonnas 
Radicis, u.s.p. 

Fluidextractum Digitalis, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanha?, 

U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, 

U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Stramonii, n.f. 
Oleum Phosphoratum, n.f. 
Oleum Tiglii, u.s.p. 
Phenol Liquefactum, u.s.p. 
Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, U.S.P. 

0.1 mil (iy 2 minims) 

Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, 
U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Arnica?, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Cannabis, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Sanguinaria?, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Scilla?, u.s.p. 
Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis, 

U.S.P. 

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri 
Iodidi, u.s.p. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi, U.S.P. 

Tinctura Cantharidis, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Iodi, U.S.P. 
0.125 mil (2 minims) 

Fluidextractum Adonidis, u.s.P. 
0.15 mil (2y 2 minims) 

Fluidextractum Lobelias, U.S.P. 
0.2 mil (3 minims) 

Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum, 
u.s.p. 

Amylis Nitris, U.8.P. 

Anethol. n.f. 

Bromoformum, U.S. P. 

Eugenol, U.S.P. 



Fluidextractum Colcbici Cormi, 

X.F. 

Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis, 

u.s.p. 
Fluidextractum Conii, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Hyoscyami, u.s.P. 
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi, U.S.P. 
Liquor Arsenicalis, Clemens, n.f. 
Liquor Auri et Arseni Bromidi, 

N.F. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, U.S. P. 
Liquor Hydrargyri et Potassii 

Iodidi, n.f. 
Liquor Iodi Compositus, u.s.p. 
Liquor Potassii Arsenitis, u.s.p. 
Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, u.s.P. 
Oleum Anisi, u.s.p. 
Oleum Aurantii, u.s.p. 
Oleum Aurantii Amari, n.f. 
Oleum Cari, u.s.p. 
Oleum Caryophylli, U.S. P. 
Oleum Cassias, u.s.p. 
Oleum Chenopodii, u.s.p. 
Oleum Coriandri, U.S. P. 
Oleum Fceniculi, u.s.p. 
Oleum Juniperi, U.S. P. 
Oleum Lavandula?, u.s.p. 
Oleum Limonis, u.s.p. 
Oleum Mentha? Piperita?, U.S. P. 
Oleum Mentha? Viridis, U.S.P. 
Oleum Myristica?, u.s.p. 
Oleum Picis Liquida? Rectificatum, 

U.S.P. 

Oleum Pimenta?, u.s.p. 
Oleum Rosmarini, u.s.p. 
Oleum Sassafras, u.s.p. 
Oleum Thymi, u.s.p. 

0.25 mil (4 minims) 

Creosotum, u.s.p. 

Terebenum, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Gelsemii, U.S.P. 
0.3 mil (5 minims) 

Acidum Formicum, n.f. 

Chloroformum, U.S.P. 

Eucalyptol, U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Paracoto, N.F. 

Glyceritum Phenolis. u.s.p. 

Liquor Ferri Acetatis, n.f. 

Liquor Ferri Nitratis, N.F. 



663 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued 



Mistura Opii et Sassafras, N.F. 
Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, 

U.S. P. 

Tinctura Aconiti, U.S. p. 
0.35 mil (6 minims) 

Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphate, 
U.S.P. 

0.5 mil (8 minims) 

Acetum Opii, n.f. 

Acidum Hydriodicum Dilutum, 

U.S.P. 

Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilu- 
tum, U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Boldi, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Caulophylli, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Convallariae 
Floruni, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Convallariae 
Radicis, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Euonymi, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Lupulini, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Podophylli, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Quassia3, n.f. 

Guaiacol, u.s.p. 

Misfrura Carminativa, n.f. 

Oleoresina Petroselini, u.s.p. 

Oleum Cajuputi, u.s.p. 

Oleum Cubebae, u.s.p. 

Oleum Eucalypti, u.s.p. 

Oleum Santali, u.s.p. 

Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Capsici, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Digitalis, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, u.s.p. 

Tinctura Ferri Citro-Chloridi, n.f. 

Tinctura Ipecacuanhas et Opii, 

N.F. 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, u.s.p. 
Tinctura Opii, u.s.P. 
Tinctura Opii Deodorati, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Stramonii, U.S. P. 
Tinctura Strophanthi, u.s.P. 
Tinctura Veratri Viridis, u.s.P. 

0.6 mil (10 minims) 

Fluidextractum Corydalis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Fuci, N.F. 
Liquor Ferri Citratis, N.F. 
Liquor Ferri Protochloridi, N.F. 
Liquor Phosphori, n.f. 
Liquor Strychnines Acetatis, N.F. 
Tinctura Ignatiae, n.f. 
Tinctura Opii Crocata, n.f. 
Tinctura Passiflorae, n.f. 
Tinctura Pectoralis, n.f. 
Vinum Oolchici Cormi, n.f. 

0.75 mil (12 minims) 

Fluidextractum Apocyni, n.f. 
Methylis Salicylas, u.s.p. 
Tinctura Belladonnre Foliorum, 

U.S.P. 
Tinctura Cannabis, U.S.P. 

1 mil (15 minims) 

Acetum Scillfe, u.s.p. 
Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum, 
U.S.P. 



Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum, 

U.S.P. 
Acidum Nivrohydrochloricum 

Dilutum, U.S.P. 
Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, 

U.S.P. 
Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum, 

U.S.P. 

.-Ether, u.s.p. 
JEther Aceticus, n.f. 
Aqua Ammoniae, U.S.P. 
Copaiba, u.s.p. 
Elixir Anisi, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Aromaticum,u.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari, 
U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Baptisiae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae, 

U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Chiratae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Cimicifugae, u.s.p. 

Fluidextractum Cinchonae, u.s.p. 

Fluidextractum Cinchonae Aquo- 
sum, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Cocillanae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Cubebae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Cypripedii, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Echinaceas, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Eriodictyi, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Frangulae, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Gentianae, u.s.p. 

Fluidextractum Geranii, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Jalapae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Kavae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Krameriae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Leptandrae, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Phytolacca?, n.f. 
Emetic, 1 mil (15 minims) ; al- 
terative, 0.1 mil (II/2 minims) 

Fluidextractum Quercus, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Rhamni Cathar- 
ticae, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Rhei, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Rhois Glabrae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Rubi. n.f. 

Fluidextractum Sabal, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Scoparii, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Scutellariae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Senegae, U.S.P. 

Fluidextractum Serpentariae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Verbenae, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Zingiberis, U.S. P. 

Fluidglyceratum Cascara? Sagradae, 

N.F. 

Fluidglyceratum Cascarae Sagradae 

Aromaticum. n.f. 
Fluidglyceratum Krameriae, n.f. 
Fluidglyceratum Rhei, n.f. 
Liquor Ferri Hypophosphitis, N.F. 
Liquor Hypophysis, U.S.P. 
Liquor Potassii Citratis, u.s.P. 
Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. u.s.P. 
Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. u.s.P. 
Spiritus Ammoniae Anisatus, n.f. 
Spiritus Camphora?. u.s.p. 
Syrupus Ferri et Mangani Iodidi. 

N.F. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, u.s.P. 



664 



^ 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued 



Tinctura Arnica?, U.S. p. 
Tinctura Asafoetida?, U.S. P. 
Tinctura Benzoini, U.S. p. 
Tinctura Cacti Grandiflori, n.f. 
Tinctura Lobelia?, u.s. p. 
Tinctura Myrrha?, U.S. P. 
Tinctura Physostigmatis, U.S. P. 
Tinctura Sanguinaria?, U.S. P. 
Tinctura Scilla?, u.s.P. 
Yinum Antimonii, N.F. 
Vinum Ipecacuanha?, n.f. 

2 mils (30 minims) 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutum, U.S.P. 
Acidum Lacticum, U.S.P. 
Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum, 

U.S.P. 
Emulsum Olei Terebinthinse, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Aletridis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Angelica? Radicis. 

N.F. 

Fluidextractum Apii Fructus, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Aralia?, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Asclepiadis, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Berberidis, N F. 

Fluidextractum Buchu, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Buchu Composi- 
tum, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Calumba?, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Cascara? Sagradae 

Aromaticum, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Chimaphila?, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Chionanthi, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Coffeae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Coptis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Corni, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Damiana?, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Ergota?, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Eucalypti, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Eupatorii, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Euphorbia? 

Pilulifera?, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Glycyrrhiza?, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Gossypii Corticis, 

N.F. 

Fluidextractum Granati, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Grindelia?, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum GuaranaB, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Hamamelidis 

Foliorum, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Heloniatis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Humuli, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Hydrangea?, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Hydrastis, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Iridis Versicolors, 

N.F. 

Fluidextractum Lappa?, n.f. 

Fluidextractum Pareirse, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Petroselini 

Radicis, N.F. 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi, u.s.P. 

Fluidextractum Pruni Virginianae, 

N.F. 

Fluidextractum Rosae, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilla?, 

U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Sarsaparilhs 

Compositum, U.S.P. 



Fluidextractum Senna?, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Stillingia?, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Stillingia? 

Compositum, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Sumbul, u.s.P. 
Fluidextractum Thuja?, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Trillii, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Uva? Ursi, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Valeriana?, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Viburni Opuli, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Viburni Pruni- 

folii, U.S.P. 
Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli, U.S.P. 
Fluidglyceratum Glycyrrhiza?, N.F. 
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, U.S.P. 
Glyceritum Guaiaci, N.F. 
Glyceritum Hydrastis, U.S.P. 
Liquor Ferri Oxychloridi, n.f. 
Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, 

Pearson, N.F. 
Mistura Chloroformi et Morphina? 

Composita, n.f. 
Mistura Opii et Chloroformi 

Composita, N.F. 
Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita, 

N.F. 

Paraldehydum, u.s.P. 

Spiritus .ZEtheris Nitrosi, u.s.P. 

Spiritus Ammonia? Aromaticus, 

U.S.P. 
Spiritus Anisi, U.S.P. 
Spiritus Chloroformi, U.S.P. 
Spiritus Cinnamomi, u.s.P. 
Spiritus Juniperi, U.S.P. 
Spiritus Lavandulae, u.s.P. 
Spiritus Menthae Piperita?, U.S.P. 
Spiritus Menthae Viridis, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Calcii Iodidi, n.f. 
Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus 

cum Morphina, N.F. 
Syrupus Sanguinaria?, N.F. 
Syrupus Scilla?, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Scilla? Compositus, u.s.P. 
Tinctura Aloes, u.s.P. 
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha?, N.F. 
Tinctura Amara, n.f. 
Tinctura Aromatica, N.F. 
Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 

U.S.P. 
Tinctura Capsici et Myrrha?, N.F. 
Tinctura Cardamomi, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Cinnamomi, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Colchici Seminis, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Ferri Chloridi ^Etherea, 

N.F. 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata, 

U.S.P. 

Tinctura Hyoscyami, U.s.P. 

Tinctura Lactucarii, u.s.P. 

Tinctura Lavandula? Composita, 

U.S.P. 

Tinctura Paracoto, n.f. 
Tinctura Pulsatilla?, N.F. 
Tinctura Quassia?, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Rhei Dulcis, N.F. 
Tinctura Tolutana, u.s.P. 



665 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued 



Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata, 

U.S.P. 
Tinctura Zingiberis, U.S.P. 
Vinum Colchici Seminis, N.F. 

3 mils (45 minims) 

Glyceritum Pepsini, n.f. 

4 mils (1 fl. dr.) 

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, U.S.P. 

Elixir Ammonii Bromidi, N.F. 

Elixir Ammonii Valeratis, N.F. 

Elixir Bismuthi, n.f. 

Elixir Buchu, N.F. 

Elixir Buchu Compositum, n.f. 

Elixir Buchu et Potassii Acetatis, 

N.F. 

Elixir Calcii Bromidi, N.F. 
Elixir Calcii et Sodii Glycerophos- 

phatum, n.f. 
Elixir Cascarae Sagradae, n.f. 
Elixir Cascarae Sagradae 

Compositum, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchonae Alkaloidorum, 

Ferri, Bismuthi et Strychninae, 

N.F. 

Elixir Cinchonae Alkaloidorum, 

Ferri et Strychninae, n.f. 
Elixir Corydalis Compositum, n.f. 
Elixir Eriodictyi Aromaticum, n.f. 
Elixir Ferri Hypophosphitis, N.F. 
Elixir Ferri Lactatis, n.f. 
Elixir Ferri Phosphatis, n.f. 
Elixir Ferri Pyrophosphatis, n.f. 
Elixir Ferri Pyrophosphatis, 

Quininae et Strychninae, n.f. 
Elixir Ferri, Quininae et 

Strychninae, N.F. 
Elixir Gentianae, N.F. 
Elixir Gentianae et Ferri, n.f. 
Elixir Gentianae et Ferri 

Phosphatis, N.F. 
Elixir Guaranae, n.f. 
Elixir Pepsini, Bismuthi et 

Strychninae, n.f. 
Elixir Phosphori, N.F. 
Elixir Phosphori et Nueis 

Vomicae, n.f. 
Elixir Quininae Valeratis et 

Strychninae, n.f. 
Elixir Sodii Hypophosphitis, n.f. 
Elixir Sodii Salicylatis, N.F. 
Elixir Sodii Salicylatis 

Compositum, N.F. 
Elixir Strychninae Valeratis, n.f. 
Elixir .Terpini Hydratis, N.F. 
Elixir Terpini Hydratis et 

Codeina3, n.f. 
Elixir Terpini Hydratis et 

Diacetylmorphinae, n.f. 
Elixir Trium Bromidorum, N.F. 
Elixir Viburni Opuli Compositum, 

N.F. 

Elixir Viburni Prunifolii, N.F. 
Elixir Zinci Valeratis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis, 
U.S.P. 



Fluidextractum Castaneas, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Catariae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Condurango, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Dioscoreae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Droserae, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Dulcamarae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Galegae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Helianthemi, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Juglandis, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Juniperi, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Kolae, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Matico, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Rumicis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Senecionis, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Solani, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Spigeliae, U.S. p. 
Fluidextractum Thymi, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Trifolii, n.f. 
Fluidextractum Verbasci 

Foliorum, N.F. 
Fluidextractum Zeae, n.f. 
Glycerinum, U.S. P. 
Glyceritum Picis Liquidas, N.F. 
Infusum Digitalis, u.s.P. 
Liquor Ammonii Citratis, n.f. 
Liquor Antisepticus, n.f. 
Liquor Bismuthi, N.F. 
Liquor Chlori Compositus, N.F. 
Liquor Hydrastinae Compositus, 

N.F. 

Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi, U.S.P. 
Liquor Hypophosphitum, N.F. 
Liquor Hypophosphitum 

Compositus, N.F. 
Liquor Pancreatini, n.f. 
Liquor Phosphatum Acidus, N.F. 
Magma Bismuthi, u.s.P. 
Mel Rosae, u.s.P. 
Mistura Chloralis et Potassii 

Bromidi Composita, n.f. 
Mistura Copaibae et Opii, n.f. 
Mistura Pectoralis, Stokes, n.f. 
Mistura Rhei Alkalina, N.F. 
Mistura Rhei Composita, n.f. 
Oxymel Scillae, n.f. 
Spiritus Acidi Formici, N.F. 
Spiritus iEtheris, u.s.P. 
Spiritus iEtheris Compositus, n.f. 
Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Allii, n.f. 
Syrupus Althaeae, N.F. 
Syrupus Ammonii Hypophosphitis, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Asari Compositus, n.f. 

Syrupus Bromidorum, n.f. 

Syrupus Calcii et Sodii Hypo- 
phosphitum, N.F. 

Syrupus Calcii Hydrochloro- 
phosphatis, N.F. 

Syrupus Calcii Hypophosphitis, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis et 

Ferri, n.f. 
Syrupus Cimicifugae Compositus, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Cinnamomi, N.F. 
Syrupus Codeinae, N.F. 



666 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— continued 



Syrupus Ferri Hypophosphitis, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Ferri Lactophosphatis, 

n.f. 
Syrupus Ferri Protochloridi, N.F. 
Syrupus Ferri, Quinina? et Strych- 

ninae Phosphatum, n.f. 
Syrupus Ferri Saccharati 

Solubilis. x.f. 
Syrupus Ficorum Compositus, N.F. 
Syrupus Iodotannicus, x.f. 
Syrupus Ipecacuanhas et Opii, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Krameria?, n.f. 
Syrupus Morphina? et Acacise, N.F. 
Syrupus Papaveris, n.f. 
Syrupus Phosphatum Compositus, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Phosphatum cum Qui- 

nina et Strychnina. N.F. 
Syrupus Picis Liquida?, U.S. P. 
Syrupus Pini Strobi Compositus, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Pruni Virginians, U.S. P. 
Syrupus Quinidina?, n.f. 
Syrupus Rubi, n.f. 
Syrupus Senega?, U.S. P. 
Syrupus Sennae, U.S. p. 
Syrupus Sodii Hypophosphitis, n.f. 
Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus, 

N.F. 

Tinctura Antiperiodica, n.f. 
Tinctura Antiperiodica sine Aloe, 

N.F. 

Tinctura Aurantii Amari, u.S.P. 
Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis, U.S.P. 
Tinctura Bryonia?, N.F. 
Tinctura Calumbae, u.S.P. 
Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, 

U.S.P. 
Tinctura Cimicifuga?, N.F. 
Tinctura Cinchonas, u.S.P. 
Tinctura Cinchona? Composita, 

U.S.P. 

Tinctura Cubebae, N.F. 

Tinctura Ergota? Ammoniata, N.F. 

Tinctura Ferri Pomata, N.F. 

Tinctura Galla?, N.F. 

Tinctura Gambir Composita, u.S.P. 

Tinctura Gentiana? Composita, 

U.S.P. 

Tinctura Guaiaci, u.S.P. 
Tinctura Guaiaci Composita, n.f. 

Tinctura Humuli, N.F. 

Tinctura Hydrastis, U.S.P. 

Tinctura Jalapa?, n.f. 

Tinctura Jalapae Composita, n.f. 

Tinctura Kino, U.S.P. 

Tinctura Kino et Opii Composita, 

N.F. 

Tinctura Krameria?, n.f. 

Tinctura Moschi, u.S.P. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata, u.S.P. 

Tinctura Pimpinella?, n.f. 

Tinctura Rhei, u.S.P. 

Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, n.f. 

Tinctura Rhei et Gentianae, N.F. 



Tinctura Sabal et Santali, N.F. 

Tinctura Serpentariae, N.F. 

Tinctura Sumbul, N.F. 

Tinctura Valerianae. N.F. 

Tinctura Viburni Opuli Com- 
posita, N.F. 

Tinctura Zedoariae Amara, N.F. 

Vinum Aurantii Compositum, N.F. 

Vinum Fraxini, n.f. 

Vinum Pruni Virginianae, N.F. 

Vinum Pruni Virginianae 
Ferratum, n.f. 

Vinum Rhei Compositum, N.F. 

8 mils (2 fl. drs.) 

Cordiale Rubi Fructus, N.F. 
Elixir Calcii Hypophosphitis, N.F. 
Elixir Calcii Lactophosphatis, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum et 

Ferri, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum et 

Hypophosphitum, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, 

Ferri et Bismuthi, N.F. 
Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum 

Ferri et Calcii Lactophosphatis, 

N.F. 

Elixir Cinchona? Alkaloidorum, 
Ferri et Pepsini, N.F. 
Elixir Formatum, N.F. 
Elixir Formatum Compositum, n.f. 
Elixir Gentiana? Glycerinatum, 

N.F. 

Elixir Glycerophosphatum Com- 
positum, N.F. 
Elixir Glycyrrhiza? Aquosum, n.f. 
Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aromaticum, 

N.F. 
Elixir Humuli, N.F. 
Elixir Hypophosphitum, N.F. 
Elixir Hypophosphitum et Ferri, 

N.F. 

Elixir Lithii Bromidi, N.F. 

Elixir Lithii Citratis, N.F. 

Elixir Lithii Salicylatis, N.F. 

Elixir Pepsini, n.f. 

Elixir Pepsini et Bismuthi, N.F. 

Elixir Pepsini et Ferri, N.F. 

Elixir Pepsini et Rennini Com- 
positum, N.F. 

Elixir Potassii Bromidi, N.F. 

Elixir Sodii Bromidi, N.F. 

Elixir Taraxaci Compositum, n.f. 

Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum 
Hypophosphitibus, n.f. 

Liquor Ferri Albuminati, N.F. 

Liquor Ferri Peptonati, N.F. 

Liquor Ferri Peptonati et 
Mangani, N.F. 

Liquor Ferri Salicylatis, n.f. 

Liquor Pepsini, N.F. 

Liquor Pepsini Aromaticus, N.F. 

Liquor Soda? et Mentha?, n.f. 

Liquor Sodii Citratis, N.F. 

Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Com- 
positus, N.F. 



667 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— con tin ued 



Mistura Ammonii Chloridi, N.F. 
Mistura Camphora? Acida, n.f. 
Mistura Camphora? Aromatica, 

N.F. 
Mistura Copaibae, n.f. 
Mistura Magnesiae, Asafoetidaa et 

Opii, N.F. 
Mistura Olei Picis, N.F. 
Succus Citri et Pepsinum, N.F. 
Syrupus Eriodictyi Aromaticus, 

N.F. 

Syrupus Glycyrrhizae, N.F. 
Syrupus Hypophosphitum 

Compositus, n.f. 
Syrupus Manna?, n.f. 
Syrupus Rhamni Cathartica?, N.F. 
Syrupus Sennse Aromaticus, n.f. 
Syrupus Sennae Compositus, N.F. 
Vinum Carnis, N.F. 
"Vinum Carnis et Ferri, N.F. 
Vinum Ferri, N.F. 
Vinum Ferri Amarum, N.F. 
Vinum Pepsini, N.F. 
Vinum Picis, n.f. 

10 mils (2y 2 fl. drs.) 

Aqua Camphora?, U.S. P. 
Aqua Creosoti, U.S. P. 
Fluidextractum Taraxaci, U.S. P. 
Fluidextr actum Tritici, U.S.P. 
Magma Magnesia?, u.s.P. 
Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita, 

U.S.P. 

Oleum MorrhuaB, u.s.P. 
Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, 

U.S.P. 

Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis, 

U.S.P. 

Syrupus Hypophosphitum, u.s.P. 
Syrupus Lactucarii, u.s.P. 
Syrupus Rhei, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus, u.s.P. 

12 mils (3 fl. drs.) 

Elixir Catharticum Compositum, 

N.F. 

15 mils (4 fl. drs.) 

Aqua Anisi, u.s.P. 
Aqua Chloroformi, u.s.P. 
Aqua Cinnamomi, u.s.P. 
Aqua Fceniculi, U.S.P. 
Aqua Mentha? Piperita?, U.s.P. 
Aqua Mentha? Viridis, U.S.P. 
Elixir Potassii Acetatis, n.f. 
Elixir Potassii Acetatis et 

Juniperi, N.F. 
Elixir Rubi Compositum, N.F. 
Emulsum Asafcetida?, u.s.P. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhua?, U.S.P. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum 

Calcii Lactophosphate, n.f. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum 

Calcii Phosphate, n.f. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum 

Malto, N.F. 



Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum 

Pruno Virginiana, n.f. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhua? cum 

Vitello, n.f. 
Emulsum Petrolati, n.f. 
Infusum Gentiana? Compositum, 

N.F. 
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, U.S.P. 
Liquor Calcis, U.S.P. 
Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, 

U.S.P. 
Mistura Creta?, U.S.P. 
Mistura Ferri Composita, N.F. 
Mistura Guaiaci, n.f. 
Mucilago Acaciae, u.s.P. 
Mucilago Sassafras Medulla?, n.f. 
Oleum Ricini, u.s.P. 
Oleum Ricini Aromaticum, N.F. 
Petrolatum Liquidum, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Ipecacuanha?, u.s.'P. 
Syrupus Sarsaparilla? Compositus, 

U.S.P. 
Syrupus Tolutanus, U.S.P. 
Syrupus Zingiberis, u.s.P. 

30 mils (1 fl. oz.) 

Oleum Lini, U.S.P. 
Oleum Oliva?, U.s.P. 

45 mils (iy 2 fl. ozs.) 
Emulsum Olei Ricini, n.f. 

50 mils (12 fl. drs.) 

Infusum Cinchonae, n.f. 
60 mils (2 fl. ozs.) 

Infusum Pruni Virginiana?, N.F. 

100 mils (3 fl. ozs.) 

Infusum Rosa? Compositum, x.F. 

120 mils (4 fl. ozs.) 
. Decoctum Sarsaparilhe 

Compositum, x.F. 
Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii 

Oxido, u.s.P. (arsenic antidote) 
Infusum Senna? Compositum, 
U.S.P. 

250 mils (8 fl. ozs.) 
Infusum Brayera?, n.f. 
Lac Fermentatum, n.f. 

360 mils (12 fl. ozs.) 

Liquor Magnesii Citratis. U.S.P. 
Liquor Magnesii Sulphatis 
Effervescens, n.f. 

1 bottle 

Liquor Sodii Citro -Tartratis 
Effervescens, N.F. 



668 



DOSES— Part I. Liquids— concluded 
Hypoderm.— 10000 units 
Protective— 1000 units 

Serum Antidiphthericum, u.S.P. 
Serum Antidiphthericum 

Purificatum. U.S. P. 
Serum Antidiphthericum Siccum, 

U.S. P. U.S. P. 



Part II. Solids 
Hypoderm.— 10000 units 
Protective— 1500 units 

Serum Antitetanicum, U.S. P. 
Serum Antitetanicum Purificatum, 

u.S.P. 
Serum Antitetanicum Siccum, 



Part II— Solids 



0.00015 Gm. (0.15 milligramme) .005 Gm. (i/ 12 gr.) 



(Moo Sr-) 

Aconitina, u.S.P. 

0.0003 Gm. (y 200 gr.) 

Hyoscyaruinae Hydrobromidum, 

U.S.P. 

Scopolamines Hydrobromidum, 

u.s.r. 

0.0005 Gm. (i/i 2 o £*•) 
Atropina, u.S.P. 
Atropinae Sulphas, U.S.P. 
Colchicina, u.S.P. 
Homatropime Hydrobromidum, 
U.S.P. 

Phosphorus, u.S.P. 
0.00075 Gm. (y 80 gr.) 
Strophanthinum, u.S.P. 
(intravenous) ; mouth, 0.001 Gm. 
(%o gr.) 
0.001 Gm. (i/ G0 gr.) 

Physostigminaa Salicylas, u.S.P. 
0.0015 Gm. (y 40 gr.) 

Strychnina, U.S.P. 
Strychninae Glycerophosphas, N 
Strychninae Nitras, u.S.P. 
Strychninae Sulphas, U.S.P. 
Strychninae Valeras, x.f. 

0.002 Gm. (Yo gr.) 

Arseni Trioxidum, u.S.P. 

0.003 Gm. (y 20 gr.) 

Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum, 
u.S.P. expectorant; emetic, mouth, 0.015 Gm. (y 4 gr.) 

Gm. (Vc, gr.) ; emetic, hypo- iEthylmorphinae Hydrochloridum, 
U.S.P. 



Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, 

U.S.P. 
Arseni Iodidum. u.S.P. 
Auri et Sodii Chloridum, u.S.P. 
Iodum, u.S.P. 
Pilocarpines Hydrochloridum, 

U.S.P. (hypoderm.) ; mouth, 0.01 

Gm. (Ve gr.) 
Pilocarpines Nitras, U.S. P. Same 

as preceding 
Sodii Arsenas, u.S.P. 

0.006 Gm. (i/ 10 gr.) 

Acidum Bromauricum, x.F. 
0.008 Gm. (i/ 8 gr.) 
Extractum Physostigmatis, u.S.P. 
Morphina, u.S.P. 

Morphinse Hydrochloridum, u.S.P. 
Morphinae Sulphas, U.S.P. 

0.01 Gm. (i/ 6 gr.) 
Argenti Nitras, U.S. p. 
Extractum Aconiti, u.S.P. 
Extractum Cannabis, u.S.P. 
Extractum Gelsemii, U.S.P. 
Extractum Stramonii, u.S.P. 
Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum, 

U.S.P. 
Hydrastina, u.S.P. 
Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, 

U.S.P. 
Resina Podophylli, U.S.P. 
Sparteinae Sulphas, u.S.P. 
Uranii Nitras, U.S.P. 

(with caution) 



dermic. 0.005 Gm. (V12 gr.) 

Diacetylmorphina, U.S. P. 

Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochlori- 
dum, u.S.P. 

Elaterinum, u.S.P. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- 
sivum, u.S.P. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, 
c.s.p. 

Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus, U.S. p. 

0.004 Gm. (y- gr.) 

Hydrargyri Salicylas, u.S.P. 



Aloinum, U.S. P. 

Cocaina, u.S.P. 

Cocainae Hydrochloridum, U.S. P. 

Extractum Belladonna? Foliorum, 

U.S.P. 
Extractum Nucis Vomicae, u.S.P. 
Extractum Podophylli, x.f. 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mit«-. 

U.S.P. 

0.02 Gm. (y 3 gr.) —hypoderm. 

Emetinae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. 



669 



DOSES— Part II. Solids— continued 



0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 gr-) 

Aconitum, U.S. p. 
Chrysarobinum, U.S. P. 
Codeina, u.S.P. 
Codeinae Phosphas, u.S.P. 
Codeinae Sulphas, u.S.P. 
Extractum Colocynthidis, u.S.P. 
Extractum Conii, N.F. 
Extractum Ignatiae, n.f. 
Extractum Opii, U.S.P. 
Gelsemium, u.S.P. 
Hydrastininge Hydrochloridum, 
U.S.P. 

Hypophysis Sicca, u.S.P. 
Oleoresina Capsici, u.S.P. 
Oleoresina Piperis, u.S.P. 
Oleoresina Zingiberis, U.S.P. 
Trinitrophenol, u.S.P. 
Trituratio Elaterini, u.S.P. 
Vanillinum, u.s.p. 

0.045 Gm. ( 3 / 4 gr.) 

Belladonna? Radix, u.s<P. 

0.06 Gm. (1 gr.) 
Antimonii Oxidum, N.F. 
Argenti Oxidum, U.S.P. 
Belladonna? Folia, u.S.P. 
Calcium Sulphidum Crudum, U.S.P 
Capsicum, u.S.P. 
Colocynthis, U.S.P. 
Cotarninae Hydrochloridum, U.S.P 
Digitalis, u.S.P. 

Extractum Colchici Cormi, U.S.P. 
Extractum Hyoscyami, u.S.P. 
Extractum Quassia?, n.f. 
Ferri Chloridum, u.S.P. 
Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus, u.S.P. 
Ferrum Reductum, u.S.P. 
Ignatia, n.f. 
Menthol, u.s.p. 
Nux Vomica, U.S.P. 
Opii Pulvis, U.S.P. 
Opium, u.S.P. 
Opium Deodoratum, u.S.P. 
Opium Granulatum, u.S.P. 
Phenol, u.S.P. 
Plumbi Acetas, U.S.P. 
Potassii Permanganas, u.S.P. 
Santoninum, U.S.P. 
Sodii Cacodylas, u.S.P. 
Sodii Nitris. U.S.P. 
Sodii Perboras, u.S.P. 
Staphisagria, U.S.P. 
Stramonium, U.S.P. 
Strophanthus, u.s.p. 
Veratrum Viride, U.S.P. 

0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grs.) 

Extractum Fellis Bovis, u.S.P. 

Ferri Sulphas, u.s.P. 

Ferri Sulphas Granulatus, u.s.P. 

Physostigma, u.s.P. 

Quinidina, n.f. 

Quinina, u.s.P. 

Quininae Bisulphas, U.S.P. 

Quininae Dihydrochloridum, U.S.P 



Quininse Glycerophosphas, n.f. 

Quininae Hydrobromidum, u.s.P. 

Quininae Hydrochloridum, u.S.P. 

Quininae Hypophosphis, N.F. 

Quininae Salicylas, u.S.P. 

Quininae Sulphas, u.S.P. 

Quininae Valeras, n.f. 
[The Tonic Dose for Quinidina 
and Quinina Salts is as above 
given. The Anti-malarial Dose 
is 1 Gm. (15 grs.) daily.] 

Scilla, u.S.P. 

Thyroideum Siccum, u.S.P. 

0.125 Gm. (2 grs.) 

Adonis, N.F. 

Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras, 
U.S.P. 

Cambogia, u.s.P. 
Camphora Monobromata, u.S.P. 
Extractum Aloes, n.f. 
Extractum Euonymi, N.F. 
Resina Jalapre, u.S.P. 
Resorcinol, u.s.P. 
Sanguinaria, u.s.P. 
Zinci Acetas, u.s.P. 
Zinci Phenolsulphonas, u.S.P. 
Zinci Valeras, u.s.P. 
0.15 Gm. (2V 2 grs.) 
Caffeina. u.s.P. 
Cinchonidinae Sulphas, u.S.P. 
Cinchoninae Sulphas, U.S.P. 
Lobelia, u.s.P. 
Methylthioninae Chloridum, 
U.S.P. 

Phenolphthaleinum, u.s.P. 
0.2 Gm. (3 grs.) 

Acetanilidum, u.S.P. 

Ammonii Hypophosphis, n.f. 

Benzosulphinidum, u.S.P. 

Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas. u.s.P. 
(hypoderm.) ; mouth, 0.3 Gm. (5 
grs.) 

Caffeinae Sodio-Salicylas, n.f. 

Camphora, u.S.P. mouth; hypo- 
dermic, 0.1 Gm. (1V£ grs.) 

Cerii Oxalas, u.s.P. 

Colchici Semen, u.S.P. 

Conium, N.F. 

Extractum Ergotae Aquosum, N.F. 

Ferri Glycerophosphas, N.F. 

Ferri Hypophosphis, n.f. 

Mangani Citras Solubilis, n.f. 

Mangani Glycerophosphas Solu- 
bilis, N.F. 

Mangani Hypophosphis, n.f. 

Mangani Sulphas, n.f. 

Oleoresina Lupulini, N.F. 

Passiflora, n.f. 

Pulvis Antimonialis, n.f. 

Quininae Tannas, u.S.P. 

Resina Scammonii, u.S.P. 

Sodii Benzosulphinidum, U.S.P. 

0.25 Gm. (4 grs.) 

Aloe, U.S.P. 
Asafoetida, u.s.p. 



670 



DOSES— Part II. Solids— continued 



Betanaphthol, U.S. P. 
Calcii Glycerophosphas, U.S. P. 
Caryophyllus, U.S. P. 
Cinnamomum Saigonicum, U.S. P. 
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, U.S. P. 
Colchici Cormus, U.S. P. 
Cupri Sulphas, U.S. P. 
Extractum Cascaree Sagradae, 

U.S.P. 
Extractum Cimicifugae, U.S. P. 
Extractum Cinchonae, n.f. 
Extractum Colocynthidis Composi- 

tum, u.s.p. 
Extractum Ergotae, U.S. P. 
Extractum Gentianae, u.s.p. 
Extractum Leptandrae, n.f. 
Extractum Rhei. u.s.p. 
Extractum Sumbul, U.S.P. 
Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, u.s.p. 
Ferri et Ammonii Citras, U.S.P. 
Ferri et Quininae Citras, U.S.P. 
Ferri Phosphas, u.s.p. 
Ferri Pyrophosphas, n.f. 
Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum, 

U.S.P. 
Hexamethylenamina, U.S.P. 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta, U.S. P. 
Hyoscyamus, U.S.P. 
Iodoformum, U.S.P. 
Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum, 

U.S.P. 

Massa Ferri Carbonatis, u.s.p. 
Massa Hydrargyri, U.S.P. 
Moschus, U.S.P. 
Pelletierinae Tannas, U.S.P. 
Potassii Chloras. u.s.p. 
Scammoniae Radix, u.s.p. 
Sodii Carbonas Monohydratus, 

U.S.P. 

Sodii Glycerophosphas, u.s.p. 
Sodii Phenolsulphonas, u.s.p. 
Suprarenalum Siccum, U.S.P. 
Terpini Hydras, U.S.P. 
Theophyllina, u.s.p. 

0.3 Gm. (5 grs.) 

Acetphenetidinum, u.s.p. 
Alumini Cliloridum, N.F. 
Ammonii Carbonas, U.S.P. 
Ammonii Cliloridum, U.S.P. 
Ammonii Iodidum, U.S.P. 
Ammonii Phosphas, N.F. 
Antipyrina. U.S.P. 
Caffeina Citrata, u.s.p. 
Ferri Lactas, n.f. 
Paracoto, n.f. 
Phenvlis Snlicylas, U.S.P. 
Potassii Iodidum, U.S. P. 
Pulsatilla, k.f. 
Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus, 

N.F. 

Pulvis Aloes et Canellae, n.f. 
Pulvis Rhei et Magnesiae Anisatus, 

N.F. 

Sodii Iodidum, U.S.P. 
Strontii Iodidum, u.s.p. 



0.5 Gm. (8 grs.) 

Acidum Benzoicum, u.s.p. 
Acidum Boricum, u.s.p. 
Acidum Citricum, u.s.p. 
Acidum Phenylcinchoninicum, 

U.S.P. 
Acidum Tannicum, U.S.P. 
Acidum Tartaricum, U.S.P. 
Alumen, U.S. P. 
Ammonii Salicylas, u.s.p. 
Ammonii Valeras, U.S.P. 
Anisum, U.S.P. 

Bismuthi Betanaphtholas, U.S.P. 
Bismuthi Subcarbonas, U.S.P. 
Bismuthi Subgallas, U.S.P. 
Bismuthi Subnitras, U.S.P. 
Bismuthi Subsalicylas, u.s.p. 
Boldo, N.F. 

Calcii Chloridum, U.S.P. 
Calcii Hypophosphis, u.s.p. 
Calcii Lactas, u.s.p. 
Calcii Lactophosphas, N.F. 
Caulophyllum, n.f. 
Chloralum Hydratum, u.s.p. 
Convallariae Flores, N.F. 
Convallarias Radix, N.F. 
Coriandrum, U.S.P. 
Diastasum, u.s.p. 
Euonymus, N.F. 
Extractum Hydrastis, u.s.p. 
Extractum Krameriae, N.F. 
Extractum Viburni Prunifolii, 

U.S.P. 

Galla, u.s.p. 

Kino, U.S.P. 

Lithii Carbonas. u.s.p. 

Lithii Citras, u.s.p. 

Lupulinum, n.f. 

Macis, n.f. 

Myrica, N.F. 

Myristica, U.S.P. 

Myrrha. U.S.P. 

Oleoresina Cubebse, u.s.p. 

Pancreatinum, u.s.p. 

Paraformaldehydum, u.s.p. 

Pepsinum, U.S.P. 

Piper, u.s.p. 

Pix Lio^uida, u.s.p. 

Potassii Hypophosphis, U.S.P. 

Potassii Nitras, u.s.p. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhas et Opii, u.s.p. 

Quassia, u.s.p. 

0.6 Gm. (10 grs.) 

Agaricus, n.f. 

Corydalis, N.F. 

Extractum Ferri Pomatum, n.f. 

Fucus, N.F. 

0.75 Gm. (12 grs.) 

Acidum Salicylicum, U.S.P. 
Apocynum. n.f. 
Sodii Boras, u.s.p. 
Sulphonethylmethanum. U.S.P. 
Sulphonmethanum, us p, 






671 



DOSES— Part II. Solids— continued 



1 Gm. (15 grs.) 

Acidum Gallicum, U.S. P. 
iEthylis Carbamas, u.s.P. 
Ammonii Benzoas, U.S. P. 
Ammonii Bromidum, U.S. P. 
Angelicas Fructus, N.F. 
Aurantii Amari Cortex, U.S. P. 
Baptisia, n.f. 
Benzoinum, U.S. P. 
Bryonia, n.f. 
Calcii Bromidum, U.S. P. 
Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus, 

U.S. P. 

Calcii Phosphas Praecipitatus, n.f. 
Carbo Ligni, U.S. P. 
Cardamomi Semen, u.S.P. 
Carum, u.s.P. 
Cascara Sagrada, u.s.P. 
Chirata. n.f. 
Cimicifuga, u.s.P. 
Cinchona, U.S.P. 
Cinchona Rubra, u.s.P. 
Cocillana, n.f. 
Creosoti Carbonas, u.s.P. 
Creta Praeparata, u.s.P. 
Cubeba. u.s.P. 
Cypripedium, n.f. 
Echinacea, n.f. 
Eriodictyon, u.s.P. 
Extractum Haematoxyli, n.f. 
Extractum Jalapae, n.f. 
Extractum Taraxaci, U.S.P. 
Poeniculum, u.s.P. 
Frangula, u.s.P. 
Galangal, n.f. 
Gambir, u.s.P. 
Gentiana, U.S.P. 
Geranium, N.F. 

Guaiacolis Carbonas, u.s.P. 1 

Guaiacum, U.S.P. 
Ipecacuanha, U.S.P. 
Jalapa, u.s.P. 

Kava, n.f. 1 

Krameria, N.F. 

Lactucarium, u.s.P. 

Leptandra, n.f. ^ 

Lithii Bromidum, U.S.P. 
Lithii Salicylas, n.f. 
Massa Copaibae, n.f. 
Menyanthes. n.f. 
Papaveris Fructus, n.f. 
Pepsimim Saccharatum, N.F. 
Phytolacca, n.f. emetic; altera- 
tive, 0.1 Gm. (II/2 grs.) 
Pimenta, n.f. 
Pimpinella, N.F. 
Potassii Acetas, u.s.P. 
Potassii Bicarbonas, U.S.P. 
Potassii Bromidum, U.S.P. 
Potassii Carbonas, u.s.P. 
Potassii Citras. U.S.P. 
Potassii Sulphas, n.f. 
Pulvis Aromaticus, u.s.P. 
Pulvis Creta? et Opii Aromaticus, 

N.F. 

Pulvis Hydrargyri Chloridi Mitis 
et Jalapos, n.f. 



Pulvis Myricae Compositus, n.f. 

Quercus, n.f. 

Quininae et Ureae Hydrochloridum, 
u.S.P. (hypodermic) 

Rhamnus Cathartica, n.f. 

Rheum, U.S.P. 

Rhus Glabra, n.f. 

Rubus, n.f. 

Sabal, u.S.P. 

Sal Carolinum Factitium. n.f.. 
dry; cryst., 1.75 Gm. (26 grs.) 

Sal Vichy anum Factitium, n.f. 

Salicinum, u.s.P. 

Scoparius, n.f. 

Scutellaria, n.f. 

Senega, u.S.P. 

Serpentaria, u.S.P. 

Sodii Acetas, u.s.P. 

Sodii Benzoas, u.s.P. 

Sodii Bicarbonas, u.S.P. 

Sodii Bromidum, u.s.P. 

Sodii Citras, u.s.P. 

Sodii Hypophosphis, u.s.P. 

Sodii Salicylas, u.s.P. 

Sodii Sulphis Exsiccatus, u.s.P. 

Sodii Thiosulphas, u.s.P. 

Strontii Bromidum, u.S.P. 

Strontii Salicylas, u.S.P. 

Styrax, u.s.P. 

Theobrominae Sodio-Salicylas, 
U.S.P. 

Thymol. u.s.P.. anthelmintic; anti- 
septic. 0.125 Gm. (2 grs.) 

Verbena, n.f. 

Xanthoxyli Fructus, n.f. 

Zedoaria, n.f. 

Zinci Sulphas, U.s.P. 

Zingiber, u.s.P. 

.3 Gm. (20 grs.) 

Pulvis Gambir Compositus, N.F. 
Species Laxativaa, n.f. 

.5 Gm. (23 grs.) 

Sal Kissingense Factitium, N.F. 

Gm. (30 grs.) 

Absinthium, N.F. 
Aletris, N.F. 
Allium, N.F. 
Althaea Folia, n.f. 
Angelicas Radix, n.f. 
Apii Fructus, n.f. 
Aralia, n.f. 
Asarum, n.f. 
Asclepias, n.f. 
Berberis, N.F. 
Buchu. U.S.P. 
Calumba, u.S.P. 
Canella. n.f. 
Cascarilla, n.f. 
Centaurium, n.f. 
Chimaphila. N.F. 
Chionanthus, n.f. 
Coptis, N.F. 
Cormis, n.f. 
Damiana, n.f. 
Ergota, u.s.P. 



672 



DOSES— Part II. Solids— con tinned 



Eucalyptus, u.S.P. 

Eupatorium. n.f. 

Euphorbia Pilulifera, n.f. 

Fraxinus, N.F. 

Glycyrrhiza, u.S.P. 

Gossypii Cortex, N.F. 

Granatum, U.S. P. 

Grindelia, u.S.P. 

Guarana, u.s.P. 

Hamamelidis Folia, n.f. 

Helonias, n.f. 

Humulus, u.s.P. 

Hydrangea, n.f. 

Hydrastis, u.S.P. 

Inula, N.F. 

Iris Versicolor, N.F. 

Lappa, n.f. 

Magnesii Oxidum, u.s.P. 

Magnesii Oxidum Ponderosum, 

U.S.P. 
Mastiche, N.F. 
Oleoresina Aspidii, u.S.P. 
(single dose, once a day) 
Pareira, n.f. 
Petroselini Radix, n.f. 
Pilocarpus, U.s.P. 
Pinus Alba, n.f. 
Potassii Bitartras, u.s.P. 
Prunus Virginiana, u.s.P. 
Pulvis Cretse Aromaticus, N.F. 
Pulvis Cretae Compositus, u.S.P. 
Pulvis Jalapae Compositus, u.s.P 
Pulvis Kino et Opii Compositus, 

N.F. 

Pulvis Rhei Compositus, U.S.P. 

Pyrethrum, u.S.P. 

Sarsaparilla, u.S.P. 

Sodii Boro-Benzoas, n.f. 

Sodii Phosphas Exsiccatus, u.S.P. 

Stillingia, u.S.P. 

Sumbul, U.S.P. 

Thuja, n.f. 

Trillium, N.F. 

Uva Ursi, u.s.P. 

Valeriana, u.s.P. v 

Viburnum Opulus, N.F. 

Viburnum Prunifolium, u.s.P. 

Xanthoxylum, u.S.P. 

3 Gm. (45 grs.) 

Magnesii Carbonas, U.S.P. 

4 Gm. (60 grs.) 

Aspidium, u.s.P. 
Aspidosperma, u.S.P. 
Caffeina Citrata Effervescens, 

U.S.P. 
Cassia Fistula, n.f. 
Castanea, n.f. 
Cataria, n.f. 
Condurango, n.f. 
Confectio Sennre, N.F. 
Dioscorea, n.f. 
Drosera, n.f. 
Dulcamara, N.F. 
Farfara, n.f. 
Galega, n.f. 
Guaiaci Lignum, n.f. 



Helianthemum, N.F. 

Juglans, N.F. 

Juniperus, N.F. 

Kola, N.F. 

Matico, n.f. 

Mentha Piperita, U.S.P. 

Mentha Viridis, u.S.P. 

Potassii Citras Effervescens, u.S.P. 

Pulvis Glycyrrhizse Compositus, 

U.S.P. 

Rumex, n.f. 

Sal Vichyanum Factitium 

Effervescens, n.f. 
Sambucus, N.F. 
Senecio, n.f. 
Senna, u.s.P. 
Sodii Phosphas, u.S.P. 
Solanum, N.F. 
Species Pectorales, n.f. 
Spigelia, u.S.P. 
Sulphur Lotum, u.S.P. 
Sulphur Prsecipitatum, u.S.P. 
Sulphur Sublimatum, u.s.P. 
Thymus, N.F. 
Trifolium, N.F. 
Verbasci Folia, n.f. 
Zea, n.f. 

5.5 Gm. (80 grs.) 

Sal Kissingense Factitium 
Effervescens. n.f. 

6 Gm. (90 grs.) 

Sal Carolinum Factitium 
Effervescens, n.f. 

Sal Potassii Bromidi Effervescens, 
n.f. 
, Sal Potassii Bromidi Effervescens 
Compositus, n.f. 

Sal Vichyanum Factitium Effer- 
vescens cum Lithio, N.F. 

8 Gm. (120 grs.) 

Sal Lithii Citratis Effervescens, 

N.F. 

Triticum, u.s.P. 
Verbasci Flores, n.f. 

10 Gm. (150 grs.) 

Agar, u.S.P. 

Potassii et Sodii Tartras, u.S.P. 

Sassafras, u.s.P. 

Sinapis Alba, U.S.P. 

Sinapis Nigra, U.S.P. 

Sodii Phosphas Effervescens, 

U.S.P. 

Taraxacum, u.s.P. 
15 Gm. (240 grs.) 

Brayera, n.f. 
Chondrus, 0.B.P. 
Kxtractum Malti. U.S.P. 
Magnesii Chloridum, N.F. 
Magnesii Sulphas, u.S.P. 
Manna, U.S.P. 
Matricaria, u.S.P. 
Sodii Chloridum, u.S.P. 
Sodii Sulphas, u.S.P. 
Tamarindus, N.F. 



673 



I 



DOSES— Part II. Solids— continued 



30 Gm. (480 grs.) 

Pepo, u.s.p. 
1 pill 

Pilulae ad Prandium, n.f. 
Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae, N.F. 
Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli 

Compositae, n.f. 
Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et 

Podophylli, N.F. 
Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et 

Scammonii Compositae, n.f. 
Pilulae Aloini Compositae, N.F. 
Pilulae Aloini, Strychninae et 

Belladonnae, n.f. 
Pilulae Aloini, Strychninae et 

Belladonnae Compositae, N.F. 
Pilulae Antidyspepticae, n.f. 
Pilulae Antimonii Compositae, N.F. 
Pilulae Antiperiodicae, N.F. 
Pilulae Antiperiodicae sine Aloe, 

N.F. 

PilulaB Colocynthidis Compositae, 

N.F. 

Pilulae Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami, 

N.F. 

Pilulae Colocynthidis et Podo- 
phylli, N.F. 

Pilulae Digitalis, Scillae et 
Hydrargyri, N.F. 

Pilulae Ferri, Quininae, Aloes et 
Nucis Vomicae, n.f. 

Pilulae Ferri, Quininae, Strych- 
ninae et Arseni Fortiores, N.F. 

Pilulae Ferri, Quininae, Strych- 
ninae et Arseni Mites, N.F. 

Pilulae G-lycerylis Nitratis, N.F. 

Pilulae Laxativae Post Partum, 
N.F. 



Pilulae Opii, Digitalis et Quininae, 

N.F. 

Pilulae Opii et Camphorae, n.f. 
Pilulae Opii et Plumbi, n.f. 
Pilulae Phosphori, u.s.p. 
Pilulae Rhei, n.f. 



2 pills 

Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 

U.S.P. 

Pilulae 

N.F. 

Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 
Pilulae 



Aloes, u.s.p. 
Aloes et Ferri, n.f. 
Aloes et Mastiches, N.F. 
Aloes et Myrrhae, N.F. 
Asafoetidae, u.s.p. 
Catharticae Compositae, 

Catharticae Vegetabiles, 

Ferri Carbonatis, u.s.p. 
Ferri Iodidi, u.s.p. 
Laxativae Compositae, N.F. 
Rhei Compositae, U.S.P. 



1 set of 2 powders 

Pulvis Effervescens Compositus, 
u.s.p. 

1 troche 

Trochisci Carbonis Ligni, n.f. 
Trochisci Gambir, n.f. 
Trochisci Menthae Piper itae, n.f. 
Trochisci Phenolphthaleini, n.f. 
Trochisci Quininae Tannatis, n.f. 
Trochisci Santonini, N.F. 
Trochisci Santonini Compositi, 

N.F. 

Trochisci Sulphuris et Potassii 

Bitartratis. n.f. 
Trochisci Ulmi, N.F. 



674 



INDEX 



Absinthium, 351 

Absorbent Cotton, 571 

Acacia, 585 

Acacia Senegal, 585 

Aconite, 175 

Aconitum, 175 

Aconitum Napellus, 175 

Adeps, 643 

Adeps Lanae, 643 

Adonis, 313 

Adonis Vernalis, 313 

African Cannabis, 355 

African Ginger, 81 

African Pepper, 467 

Agar, 587 

Agar- Agar, 587 

Agaric, 563 

Agaricus, 563 

Agropyron repens, 145 

Ague Tree Bark, 205 

Ague Tree Pith, 269 

Aleppo Galls, 575 

Aletris, 151 

Aletris farinosa, 151 

Alexandria Senna, 411 

Algae, 551 

Algae and Fungi, 551 

Allium, 185 

Allium sativum, 185 

Allspice, 453 

Almond, 537 

Aloe, 621, 623. 625 

Aloe ferox, 625 

Aloe Perryi, 621 

Aloe vera, 623 

Aloes, 621, 623, 625 

Alpinia officinarum, 91 

Althaea, 41 

Althaea Folia, 397 

Althaea Leaves, 397 

Althaea officinalis, 41, 397 

American Angelica, 125 

American Aspidium, 95 

American Burdock, 51 

American Cannabis, 353 

American Elder, 423 

American Male Fern, 95 

American Pulsatilla. 319 

American Spikenard Root, 163 

American White Hellebore, 129 

Amygdala Dulcis, 537 

Amylum, 579 



Anacylus Pyrethrum, 49 

Anamirta Cocculus, 471 

Anemone Ludoviciana, 319 

Anemone pratense, 317 

Angelica Archangelica, 127, 477 

Angelica atropurpurea, 125 

Angelica Fruit, 477 

Angelica Root, 125, 127 

Angelica Seed, 477 

Angelica? Fructus, 477 

Angelicae Radix, 125, 127 

Anhydrous Lanolin, 643 

Anise, 479 

Aniseed, -479 

Anisum, 479 

Annam Cinnamon, 245 

Apii Fructus, 485 

Apocynum, 117 

Apocynum Cannabinum, 117 

Apis mellifera, 637, 638 

Apple Juice, 509 

Apium graveolens, 485 

Aralia, 163 

Aralia racemosa, 163 

Arbor Vitae, 277 

Arctium Lappa, 53 

Arctium minus, 51 

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 373 

Aristolochia reticulata, 157 

Aristolochia Serpentaria, 159 

Arkangel, 127 

Arnica, 433 

Arnica Flowers, 433 

Arnica montana, 433 

Artemisia Absinthium, 351 

Asafetida, 597 

Asafcetida, 597 

Asarum, 141 

Asarum canadense, 141 

Asclepias, 43 

Asclepias tuberosa, 43 

Aspidium, 95, 97 

Aspidosperma, 209 

Aspidosperma Quebracho bianco. 

209 
Assays. 653 
Asthma Weed. 295 
Astragalus gummifer, 583 
Atropa Belladonna, 55, 327 
Aurantii Amari Cortex, 463 
Aurantii Dulcis Cortex, 459 



676 



B 



Balm of Gilead Buds, 359 
Balsam of Copaiba, 605 
Balsam of Peru, 602 
Balsam Poplar Buds, 359 
Balsam of Tolu, 603 
Balsamic Resins, 589 
Balsams, 589 

Balsamum Peruvianum, 602 
Balsamum Tolutanum, 603 
Baptisia, 23 
Baptisia tinctoria, 23 
Barks, 188 
Barley Malt, 457 
Barosma betulina, 375 
Barosma serratifolia, 377 
Bay berry Bark, 199 
Bearberry, 373 
Beeswax, 637 
Belladonna Leaves, 327 
Belladonna Root, 55 
Belladonna? Folia, 327 
Belladonnse Radix, 55 
Benzoin, 611 
Benzoinum, 611 
Berberis, 105 
Beth Root, 99 
Bicuculla canadensis, 181 
Bicuculla Cucullaria, 183 
Bitter Apple, 465 
Bitter Orange Peel, 463 
Bitter Stick, 285 
Bittersweet, 279 
Bitter Wood, 259 
Blackberries, 503 
Blackberry Bark, 207 
Black Cherry Bark, 241 
Black Cohosh, 137 
Black Haw, 227 
Black Mustard, 541 



Black Pepper, 451 
Black Poplar Buds, 361 
Black Snakeroot, 137 
Bladder Fucus, 553 
Bladderwrack, 553 
Blazing Star, 161 
Bloodroot, 149 
Blue Cohosh. 133 
Blue Flag, 71 
Blue Gum Leaves, 365 
Blue Vervain, 307 
Bogbean, 403 
Boldo, 371 
Boldo Boldus, 371 
Boneset, 347 
Bos taurus, 639, 645 
Brandy Mint, 331 
Brassica nigra, 541 
Brauneria pallida, 115 
Brayera, 425 
Brazilian Ipecac, 47 
Broad-leaved Gum Plant, 341 
Broad-leaved Rumex, 39 
Broom Tops, 275 
Brown Mustard, 541 
Brown Sarsaparilla, 19 
Brown Strophanthus, 531 
Bryonia, 63 
Bryonia alba, 63 
Bryonia dioica, 63 
Bryony Root, 63 
Buchu, 375, 377 
Buckbean, 403 
Buckthorn Bark, 223 
Buckthorn Berries, 455 
Burdock Root, 51, 53 
Burning Bush, 197 
Butterfly Weed Root, 43 
Butternut Bark, 203 



Cactus Grandiflorus, 273 
Calabar Bean, 535 
Calcutta Ginger, 83 
Calendula, 435 
Calendula officinalis, 435 
Calicut Ginger, 85 
Calisaya Bark, 211 
Calumba, 61 
Cambogia, 599 
Camphor, 629 
Camphora, 629 
Camphors, 612 
Canada Snakeroot, 141 
Canadian Hemp, 117 
Candle Berry, 199 
Cane Ash, 239 
Canella, 225 
Canella Winterana, 225 
Canker-root, 297 
Cannabis, 353, 355, 357 
Cannabis indica, 355, 357 
Cannabis sativa, 353 
Cantharides, 633 



Cantharis, 633 
Cantharis vesicatoria, 633 
Cape Aloes, 625 
Capsicum, 467 
•Capsicum frutescens, 467 
Caraway Seed, 475 
Carbo Ligni. 269 
Cardamom Seed, 533 
Cardamomi Semen, 533 
Carrageen, 555, 557 
Cartagena Ipecac, 45 
Carum, 475 
Carum Carvi, 475 
Caryophyllus, 417 
Cascara Bark, 243 
Cascara Sagrada, 243 
Cascarilla, 238 
Cassia acutifolia, 411 
Cassia angustifolia, 409 
Cassia Fistula, 489 
Cassia Pods, 489 
Castanea, 385 
Castanea dentata, 385 



677 



A 



. 



Cataria, 345 

Catechu, 627 

Cathartocarpus Fistula, 489 

Catmint, 345 

Catnep, 345 

Catnip, 345 

Caulophyllum, 133 

Caulophyllum thalictroides, 133 

Cayenne Pepper, 467 

Celery Fruit, 485 

Celery Seed, 485 

Centaurium, 301 

Centaury, 301 

Cephaelis acuminata, 45 

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 47 

Cera Flava, 637 

Cereus grandiflorus, 273 

Cerevisiae Fermentum Com- 

pressum, 559 
Cetaceum, 635 
Ceylon Cinnamon, 255 
Chamselirium luteum, 161 
Chamomile, 437 
Charcoal, 269 
Cheeses, 393 
Chestnut Leaves, 385 
Chillies, 467 
Chimaphila, 379 
Chimaphila umbellata, 379 
Chionanthus, 195 
Chionanthus virginica, 195 
Chirata, 285 
Chirayta, 285 
Chiretta, 285 
Chittim Bark, 243 
Chondodendron tomentosum, 29 
Chondrus, 555, 557 
Chondrus Crispus, 555 
Cider, 509 
Cimicifuga, 137 
Cimicifuga racemosa, 137 
Cinchona, 211 
Cinchona Calisaya, 211 
Cinchona Ledgeriana, 211 
Cinchona Rubra, 213 
Cinchona succirubra, 213 
Cinnamomum Camphora, 629 
Cinnamomum Saigonicum, 245 
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, 255 
Citrullus Colocynthis, 465 
Citrus Aurantium sinensis, 459 
Citrus Aurantium amara, 463 
Citrus medica acida, 509 
Citrus medica Limonum, 461 
Claviceps purpurea, 565 
Clove, 417 
Clove Pepper, 453 
Club Moss, 569 
Coal Tar, 639 
Coccionella, 631 
Cocculus Indicus, 471 
Coccus, 631 
Coccus cacti, 631 
Cochineal, 631 
Cochin Ginger, 87 
Cocillana, 215 
Coffea arabica, 519 
Coffea liberica, 519 
Coffea Tosta, 519 



Coffee, 519 
Cola, 547 

Colchici Cormus, 187 
Colchici Semen, 525 
Colchicum autumnale, 187, 525 
' Colchicum Corm, 187 
Colchicum Root, 187 
Colchicum Seed, 525 
Colocynth, 465 
Colocynth Apple, 465 
Colocynth Pulp, 465 
Colocynthis, 465 
Colombia Ipecac, 45 
Colombo, 61 
Colophony, 591 
Coltsfoot, 399 
Columba, 61 
Columbo, 61 
Commiphora, 601 
Common Parsley, 57 
Common Sundew, 287 
Common Thyme, 325 
Common Turpentine, 609 
Condurango, 219 
Conium, 483 
Conium maculatum, 483 
Consumptive's Weed, 387 
Convallaria Flowers, 421 
Convallaria majalis, 143, 421 
Convallaria Root, 143 
Convallarias Flores, 421 
Convallariae Radix, 143 
Convolvulus Scammonia, 31 
Copaiba, 605 
Copaiva. 605 
Coptis, 297 
Coptis trifolia, 297 
Coriander Seed, 487 
Coriandrum, 487 
Coriandrum sativum, 487 
Corn Silk, 431 
Corn Starch, 579 
Cornus, 193 
Cornus florida, 193 
Corvdalis. 181, 1S3 
Cotton, 571 
Cotton Root Bark, 201 
Couch Grass, 145 
Cramp Bark, 229 
Cranesbill, 77 
Crocus, 429 
Crocus sativus. 429 
Croton Eluteria, 233 
Cubeba, 449 
Cubebs. 449 
Cucurbita Pepo, 539 
Cudbear, 561 
Culver's Physic, 135 
Culver's Root, 135 
Curacao Aloes. 623 
Curcuma Zedoaria, 93 
Curled Dock. 37 
Curled Rumex, 37 
Cusso. 425 
Oypripedium, 147 
Cypripedium hirsutum, 147 
Cypripodium parviflorum. 147 
Oypripedium pubescens, 147 
Cytisis scoparius, 275 



678 



t 



Damiana, 381, 383 
Dandelion, 121 
Daphne Gnidium, 231 
Daphne Laureola, 231 
Daphne Mezereum, 231 
Datura Stramonium, 401 
Datura Tatula, 401 
Deadly Nightshade Leaves, 327 
Deadly Nightshade Root, 55 
Deer Musk, 644 
Delphinium, 523 
Delphinium Ajacis, 523 
Delphinium Consolida, 523 
Delphinium Staphisagria, 521 
Desiccated Hypophysis, 641 
Desiccated Pituitary Body, 641 
Desiccated Suprarenals, 640 
Desiccated Thyroid Glands, 645 
Diastase, 638 
Diastase of Malt, 638 
Diastasum, 638 
Digitalis, 389 



Digitalis purpurea, 389 
Dioscorea, 69 
Dioscorea villosa, 69 
Dock, Curled, 37 
Dock Root, Broad-leaved, 39 
Dock Root, Yellow, 39 
Dog Buttons, 515 
Dog Grass, 145 
Dogwood Bark, 193 
Dose Tables, 663 
Dried Juices, 612 
Dried Suprarenals, 640 
Dried Thyroids, 645 
Drosera, 287, 289, 291 
Drosera intermedia, 289 
Drosera longifolia, 291 
Drosera rotundifolia, 287 
Drugs of Animal Origin, 631 
Dryopteris Filix-mas, 97 
Dryopteris marginalis, 95 
Dulcamara, 279 
Dutchman's Breeches, 183 



E 



Ecballium Elaterium, 617 

Echinacea, 115 

Echinacea angustifolia, 115 

Elaterin, 617 

Elaterinum, 617 

Elder Flowers, 423 

Elecampane, 123 

Elettaria Cardamomum, 533 

Elm, 237 

Elm Bark, 237 

Ergot, 565 

Ergota, 565 

Eriodictyon, 387 

Eriodictyon californicum, 387 

Erythraea Centaurium, 301 

Eucalyptus, 365 

Eucalyptus Globulus, 365 

Eugenia aromatica, 417 



Euonymus, 197 
Euonymus atropurpureus, 197 
Eupatorium, 347 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 347 
Euphorbia Pilulifera, 295 
European Angelica Root, 127 
European Aspidium, 97 
European Burdock, 53 
European Century Herb, 301 
European Goat's Rue, 329 
European Lappa, 53 
European Male Fern, 97 
European Pasque Flower, 317 
European Pulsatilla, 317 
Evening Trumpet Flower, 107 
Excrescences, 567 
Exogonium Purga, 177 
Extracts, 612 



False Hellebore, 313 
False Unicorn, 161 
Farfara, 399 
Fel Bovis, 639 
Fennel Seed, 473 
Ferula Asafoetida, 597 
Ferula fcetida, 597 
Ferula Sumbul, 171 
Ficus, 501 
Ficus Carica, 501 
Field Larkspur, 523 
Fig, 501 
Fish-berry, 471 
Flaxseed, 527 
Florentine Orris Root, 73 
Flower Heads, 414 
Flowering Ash, 195 
Flowering Dogwood, 193 



Flowering Tops, 321 
Flowers, 412 
Foeniculum, 473 
Foeniculum vulgare, 473 
Foreign Burdock, 53 
Foreign Dandelion, 121 
Foxglove, 389 
Frangula, 223 
Fraxinum Americana, 239 
Fraxinus, 239 
Fraxinus Ornus. 581 
French Rose, 427 
Fringe Tree Bark, 195 
Frost-weed, 299 
Fruits, 440 

Fucus vesiculosus, 553 
Fucus, 553 
Fungi, 551 



679 






Galanga, 91 

Galangal, 91 

Galega, 329 

Galega officinalis, 329 

Galla, 575 

Gambir, 627 

Gamboge, 599 

Garcinia Hanburii, 599 

Garden Angelica, 127 

Garden Mint, 333 

Garden Parsley, 57 

Garden Thyme, 325 

Garden Valerian, 131 

Garlic, 185 

Gelidium, 587 

Gelsemium, 107 

Gelsemium semper vir ens, 107 

Gentian, 119 

Gentiana, 119 

Gentiana lutea, 119 

Georgia Pine Rosin, 591 

Geranium, 77 

Geranium maculatum, 77 

German Chamomile, 437 

Gigartina mamillosa, 557 

Ginger, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89 

Gloiopeltis, 587 

Glossary, 647 

Glycyrrhiza, 111, 113 

Glycyrrhiza glabra glandulifera, 

111 
Glycyrrhiza glabra typica, 113 
Golden Ragroot, 309 
Golden Seal, 153 
Goldthread, 297 
Gossypii Cortex, 201 
Gossypium arbor eum, 201 
Gossypium Barbadense, 201 
Gossypium herbaceum, 201, 571 
Gossypium Purificatum, 571 



Gracilaria (Sphaerococcus) 

Lichenoides, 587 
Granatum, 221 
Gray Sarsaparilla, 17 
Great Angelica, 125 
Green Hellebore, 129 
Green Strophanthus, 529 
Grindelia, 337, 339, 341 
Grindelia Camporum, 337 
Grindelia Cuneifolia, 339 
Grindelia Squarrosa, 341 
Guaiac, 593 
Guaiac Resin, 593 
Guaiac Wood, 265 
Guaiaci Lignum, 265 
Guaiacum, 593 
Guaiacum officinale, 265, 593 
Guaiacum sanctum, 265, 593 
Guajah, 357 
Guapi Bark, 215 
Guarana, 545 
Guarea Rusbyi, 215 
Guaza, 357 
Gum Acacia, 585 
Gum Arabic, 585 
Gum Asafetida, 597 
Gum Benjamin, 611 
Gum Benzoin, 611 
Gum Camphor, 629 
Gum Kino, 619 
Gum Myrrh, 601 
Gum Opium, 613 
Gum Plant, 337 
Gum Resins, 589 
Gum Senegal, 585 
Gum Thus, 609 
Gum Tragacanth, 583 
Gummi Plasticum, 617 
Gums, 577 
Gutta Percha, 617 
Gutta Taban, 617 



H 



Haematoxylon, 267 

Hsematoxylon campechianum, 267 

Hagenia abyssinica, 425 

Hairs, Glandular, 567 

Hairs, Non-glandular, 567 

Hamamelidis Folia, 391 

Hamamelis virginiana, 391 

Hard Paraffin, 640 

Helianthemum, 299 

Helianthemum canadense, 299 

Helonias, 161 

Hellebore, 129 

Henbane, 349 

Herbs, 303 

High Bush Blackberries, 503 

High Bush Cranberry Bark, 229 

High Mallow, 395 

Holigold, 435 



Honduras Sarsaparilla, 19 

Honey, 638 

Honeysuckle Clover Blossoms. 439 

Hoodwort, 293 

Hordeum sativum, 457 

Horsehead, 123 

Horse-nettle Berries, 469 

Horse Savin Berries, 497 

Humulus, 499 

Humulus Lupulus, 499, 573 

Hydrangea, 109 

Hydrangea arborescens, 109 

Hydrastis, 153 

Hydrastis canadensis, 153 

Hyoscyamus, 349 

Hyoscyamus niger, 349 

Hypophysis Sicca, 641 



680 



Ignatia, 517 
Ignatia Amara, 517 
Indian Berry, 471 
Indian Cannabis, 357 
Indian Pink, 155 
Indian Senna, 409 
Indian Tobacco, 343 
Indigo, Red, 561 
Indigo, Wild, 23 
Inkberry Root, 33 
Intermediate Drosera, 289 



Intermediate Sundew, 289 

Inula, 123 

Inula Helenium, 123 

Ipecac, 45, 47 

Ipecacuanha, 45, 47 

Iris, 73, 75 

Iris florentina, 73 

Iris germanica, 75 

Iris Root, 71 

Iris Versicolor, 71 

Irish Moss, 555, 557 



Jaborandi, 405, 407 
Jalap, 177 
Jalapa, 177 
Jamaica Ginger, 79 
Jamaica Quassia, 259 
Jamaica Sarsaparilla, 21 
Jambosa Caryophyllus, 417 
Japanese Ginger, 89 



Japanese Isinglass, 587 
Jateorhiza palmata, 61 
Jimson Weed, 401 
Juglans, 203 
Juglans cinerea, 203 
Juniper Berries, 497 
Juniperus, 497 
Juniperus communis, 497 



K 



Kava, 169 
Kava Kava, 169 
Kino, 619 
Knight's-spur, 523 
Kola, 547 



Kola-nut, 547 
Kousso, 425 
Krameria, 25, 27 
Krameria Ixina, 27 
Krameria triandra, 25 



Lactuca virosa, 615 

Lactucarium, 615 

Lady Slipper Root, 147 

Lamb Mint, 331 

Lanolin, Anhydrous, 643 

Lappa, 51, 53 

Larch Agaric, 563 

Larch Turpentine, 607 

Lard, 643 

Large-leaved Jaborandi, 405 

Large-leaved Pilocarpus, 405 

Larix Europcea, 607 

Larkspur Seed, 523 

Latex, 612 

Leaves, 303, 321, 362 

Leaves and Flowering Tops, 321 

Lecanora Acharius, 561 

Lemon Ginger, 85 

Lemon Peel, 461 

Leptandra, 135 

Lesser Centaury, 301 

Lettuce Opium, 615 

Licorice, 111, 113 

Liferoot, 309 

Lignum Sanctum. 265 

Lignum Vita?, 265 



Lily-of-the-Valley Flowers, 421 
Lily-of-the-Valley Root, 143 
Lime Juice, 509 
Limonis Cortex, 461 
Linseed, 527 
Linum, 527 

Linum usitatissimum, 527 
Lion's Tooth, 121 
Liquidambar orientalis, 604 
Liquid Paraffin, 642 
Liquid Petrolatum, 642 
Liquid Storax, 604 
Liquorice Root, 111, 113 
Lobelia, 343 
Lobelia inflata, 343 
Logwood, 267 
Long Buchu, 377 
Long-leaved Drosera, 291 
Long-leaved Sundew, 291 
Low Mallow, 393 
Lupulin, 573 
Lupulinum. 573 
Lupulus, 499 
Lycopodium, 569 
Lycopodium clavatum, 569 



681 



: 



M 



Mace, 549 

Macis, 549 

Macrotys, 137 

Madweed, 293 

Male Fern, 95, 97 

Mallow Leaves, 393, 395 

Malt, 457 

Maltum, 457 

Malvae Folia, 393, 395 

Malva rotundifolia, 393 

Malva sylvestris, 395 

Mandrake, 139 

Manna, 581 

Maranham Jaborandi, 407 

Marigold, 435 

Marsdenia Condurango, 219 

Marshmallow Leaves, 397 

Marshmallow Root, 41 

Marsh Trefoil, 403 

Mary -bud, 435 

Mastic, 595 

Mastiche, 595 

Mastix, 595 

Matico, 369 

Matricaria, 437 

Matricaria chamomilla, 437 

May Apple Rhizome, 139 

Meconium, 613 

Mel, 638 

Melilot, 335 

Melilotus, 335 

Melilotus officinalis, 335 



Mentha Piperita, 331 

Mentha spicata, 333 

Mentha Viridis, 333 

Menyanthes, 403 

Menyanthes trifoliata, 403 

Methysticum, 169 

Mexican Pepper, 467 

Mexican Sarsaparilla, 17 

Mezereum, 231 

Mineral Oil, 642 

Mint, 333 

Mombasa Pepper, 46 

Monkshood, 175 

Moschus, 644 

Moschus moschiferus, 644 

Mountain Balm, 387 

Mouth-root, 297 

Mucilage, 577 

Mullein Flowers, 419 

Mullein Leaves, 367 

Mullen Dock, 367 

Mullen Flowers, 419 

Musk, 644 

Musk Root, 171 

Mustard, 541, 543 

Mutton Suet, 641 

Myrica, 199 

Myrica cerifera, 199 

Myristica, 513 

Myristica fragrans, 513, 549 

Myrrh, 601 

Myrrha, 601 



N 



Nepeta Cataria, 345 
Night-blooming Cereujs, 273 
Northern Pine, 253 
Northern Prickly Ash, 249 



Nutgall, 575 
Nutmeg, 513 
Nux Vomica, 515 



Odostemon Rafinesque, 105 
Oleoresins, 589 
Opium, 613 
Orange Root, 153 
Oregon Grape Root, 105 
Ordeal Bean, 535 



Orris Root, 73, 75 
Ourouparia Gambir, 627 
Ovis- aries, 641, 643 
Ox Bile, 639 
Oxgall, 639 



Palaquium Blanco, 617 

Pale Catechu, 627 

Pale Purple Cone Flower, 115 

Pancreatin, 644 

Papaver somniferum, 493 

Papaver somniferum album, 613 

Papaveris Fructus, 493 

Papoose Root, 133 

Paracoto, 217 

Paraffin, 640 

Paraffin Oil, 642 



Paraffin Wax, 640 
Paraffinum, 640 
Pareira, 29 
Pareira Brava, 29 
Parsley Fruit, 481 
Parsley Root, 57 
Parsley Seed, 481 
Pasque Flower, 315 
Passiflora, 311 
Passiflora incarnata, 311 
Passion Flower, 311 



682 



Passion Vine, 311 

Paullinia Cupana, 545 

Pellitory Root, 49 

Pepo, 539 

Pepper, 451 

Peppermint, 331 

Pepper Wood, 247 

Pernambuco Jaborandi, 405 

Peru Balsam, 602 

Peruvian Krameria, 25 

Peruvian Rhatany, 25 

Persio, 561 

Petrolatum, 642 

Petrolatum Liquidum, 642 

Petrolatum Ointment, 642 

Petroleum Jelly, 642 

Petroselini Radix, 57 

Petroselinum, 481 

Petroselinum sativum, 57, 481 

Pheasant's Eye, 313 

Physeter macrocephalus, 635 

Physostigma, 535 

Physostigma venenosum, 535 

Phytolacca, 33 

Phytolacca decandra, 33 

Picrasma excelsa, 259 

Pill-bearing Spurge. 295 

Pilocarpus, 405, 407 

Pilocarpus Jaborandi, 405 

Pilocarpus microphyllus, 407 

Pimenta, 453 

Pimenta officinalis, 453 

Pimpernel Root, 165 

Pimpinella, 165 

Pimpinella Anisum, 479 

Pimpinella magna, 165 

Pimpinella Saxifraga, 165 

Pine Tar, 606 

Pink Root, 155 

Pinus Alba, 253 

Pinus palustris, 591, 606, 609 

Pinus Strobus, 253 

Pipe Gamboge, 599 

Piper, 451 

Piper angustifolium, 369 

Piper Cubeba, 449 

Piper methysticum, 169 



Piper nigrum, 451 

Pipsissewa, 379 

Pistacia Lentiscus, 595 

Pith, 257 

Pituitary Body, 641 

Pix Carbonis, 639 . 

Pix Liquida, 606 

Pix Lithanthracis, 639 

Plants, 281 

Pleurisy Root, 43 

Podophyllum, 139 

Podophyllum peltatum, 139 

Poison Berry, 279 

Poison Hemlock, 483 

Poke Root, 33 

Poly gala Senega, 59 

Polyporus officinale, 563 

Pomegranate, 221 

Poppy Capsules, 493 

Poppv Fruits, 493 

Populi Gemmae, 359, 361 

Populus balsamifera, 359 

Populus nigra, 361 

Prairie Anemone, 319 

Prepared Lard, 643 

Prepared Suet, 641 

Prickly Ash, 247, 249 

Prickly Ash Berries, 495 

Prince's Pine, 379 

Prune, 443 

Prunum, 443 

Prunus Amygdalus dulcis, 537 

Prunus domestica, 443 

Prunus serotina, 241 

Prunus Virginiana, 241 

Pterocarpus Marsupium, 619 

Pterocarpus santalinus, 263 

Puke-weed, 343 

Pulsatilla, 315, 317, 319 

Pumpkin Seed, 539 

Punica Granatum, 221 

Purging Cassia, 489 

Purified Cotton, 571 

Purple Angelica, 125 

Pyrethrum, 49 

Pyrus Malus, 509 



Quaker Buttons, 515 
Quassia, 259 
Quebracho Bark, 209 
Queen's Delight, 35 
Queen's Root, 35 



Quercus, 251 
Quercus alba, 251 
Quercus infectoria, 575 
Quillaja, 235 
Quillaja Saponaria, 235 



Race Ginger, 83 

Raspberries, 505 

Red Cinchona, 213 

Red Clover Blossoms, 439 

Red Indig<w 561 

Red Peppeff 467 

Red Peruvian Bark, 213 

Red Puccoon, 149 



Red Raspberries, 505 
Red Rose, 427 
Red Sandal Wood, 263 
Red Sarsaparilla, 21 
Red Saunders, 263 
Rennin, 645 
Renninum, 645 
Resin of Mastic, 595 



683 



Resina, 591 

Resins, 589 

Rhamnus Cathartica, 455 

Rhamnus Frangula, 223 

Rhamnus Purshiana, 243 

Rhatany, 25, 27 

Rheum, 167 

Rheum officinale, 167 

Rheum palmatum, 167 

Rheum tanguticum, 167 

Rhizomes, 65 

Rhizomes and Roots, 101 

Rhubarb, 167 

Rhus Glabra, 447 

Rio Ipecac, 47 

Roccella, 561 

Rock-rose, 299 

Roman Pyrethrum, 49 

Roots, 9 



Rosa Gallica, 427 

Rosin, 591 

Round-leaved Sundew, 287 

Round Turkey Corn, 181 

Rubi Fructus, 503 

Rubi Idaei Fructus, 505 

Rubus, 207 

Rubus cuneifolius, 207 

Rubus Idaeus, 505 

Rubus nigrobaccus, 207, 503 

Rubus strigosus, 505 

Rubus villosus, 207, 503 

Ruby Wood, 263 

Rumex, 37, 39 

Rumex Crispus, 37 

Running Moss, 569 

Russian Flies, 633 

Russian Glycvrrhiza, 111 

Rye Ergot, 565 



Sabal, 445 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 559 

Saffron, 429 

Saigon Cinnamon, 245 

Sambucus, 423 

Sambucus canadensis, 423 

Sambucus nigra, 423 

Sandal Wood, 261 

Sanguinaria, 149 

Sanguinaria canadensis, 149 

Santalum Album, 261 

Santalum Rubrum, 263 
\ Sarsaparilla, 17, 19, 21 
A Sassafras, 205 
\Sassafras Bark, 205 
'Sassafras Medulla, 269 

Sassafras Pith, 269 

Sassafras variifolium, 205, 269 

Savanilla Krameria, 27 

Savanilla Rhatany, 27 

Saw Palmetto Berries, 445 

Scammoniae Radix, 31 

Scammony, 31 

Scarlet Sumac Fruit, 447 

Scilla, 179 

Scoparius, 275 

Scutellaria, 293 

Scutellaria lateriflora, 293 

Secale Cornutum, 565 

Seeds, 510 

Seneca Snakeroot, 59 

Senecio, 309 

Senecio aureus, 309 

Senega, 59 

Senega Snakeroot, 59 

Senna, 409, 411 

Serenoa serrulata, 445 

Serpentaria, 157, 159 

Seven-Barks, 109 

Sevum Praeparatum, 641 

Short Buchu, 375 

Sierra Leone Pepper, 467 

Sinapis Alba, 543 

Sinapis Nigra, 541 

Skullcap, 293 

Slippery Elm, 237 



Small -leaved Jaborandi, 407 
Small-leaved Pilocarpus, 407 
Smilax medica, 17 
Smilax Officinalis, 19 
Smilax ornata, 21 
Smut of Rye, 565 
Smyrna Galls, 575 
Snake Moss, 569 
Soap-tree Bark, 235 
Socotrine Aloes, 621 
Soft-wood Charcoal, 269 
Solanum, 469 
Solanum carolinense, 469 
Solanum Dulcamara, 279 
Soldier's Cap, 183 
Southern Prickly Ash, 247 
Spanish Flies, 633 
Spanish Licorice, 113 
Spanish Saffron, 429 
Spearmint, 333 
Spermaceti, 635 
Spigelia, 155 
Spigelia raarilandica, 155 
Spignet Root, 163 
Spikenard Root, 163 
Spores, 567 
Spruce Pine, 253 
Spurge Olive, 231 
Spurred Rye, 565 
Squaw Root, 133 
Squill, 179 
Squirrel Corn, 181 
Staggerweed, 523 
Staphisagria, 521 
Starch, 577, 579 
Star Grass, 151 
Stavesacre, 521 
Stems, 270, 304, 322 
St. Ignatius Bean, 517 
Stillingia, 35 
Stillingia sylvatica, 35 
Storax. 604 

Stramonium, 401 M 

Strophanthus, 529. 531 
Strophantus Kombe, 529 
Strophanthus hispidus, 531 



684 



Strychnos Ignatii, 517 

Strychnos Nux -vomica, 515 

Styrax, 604 

Styrax Benzoin, 611 

Succus Citri, 508 

Succus Pomorum, 509 

Suet, 641 

Sugar, 577 

Sumac Berries, 447 

Sumbul, 171 

Sundew, 287, 289, 291 



Suprarenal Glands, 640 

^uprarenalum Siccum, 640 

Surinam Quassia, 259 

Sus scrofa domestica, 643, 644 

Sweet Almond, 537 

Sweet Bark, 233 

Sweet Elder, 423 

Sweet Orange Peel, 459 

Sweet-scented Cactus, 273 

Sweetwood Bark, 233 

Swertia Chirayita, 285 



Tamarind Pulp, 507 
Tamarindus, 507 
Tamarindus indica, 507 
Tar, 606 
Taraxacum, 121 
Taraxacum officinale, 121 
Terebinthina, 609 
Terebinthina Laricis, 607 
Texas Serpentaria, 157 
Texas Snakeroot, 157 
Thebaica, 613 
Thorn Apple Leaves, 401 
Thoroughwort, 347 
Thuja, 277 

Thuja occidentalis, 277 
Thyme, 325 
Thymus, 325 
Thymus vulgaris, 325 
Thyroids, 645 
Thyroidum Siccum, 645 
Tinnevellv Senna, 409 
Tolu Balsam, 603 



Toluifera Balsamum, 603 

Toluifera Pereira?, 602 

Tonquin Musk, 644 

Tragacanth, 583 

Tragacantha, 583 

Trailing Mahonia, 105 

Trifolium, 439 

Trillium, 99 

Trillium erectum, 99 

Trifolium pratense, 439 

Triticum, 145 

True Unicorn Root, 151 

Tuberous Roots, Bulbs and Corms, 

172 
Turkey Corn, 181 
Turnera, 381 
Turnera aphrodisiaca, 383 
Turnera Diffusa, 381 
Turpentine, 609 
Tussilago Farfara, 399 
Tussilago Leaves, 399 



u 



Ulmus, 237 
Ulmus fulva, 237 
Unicorn Root, 151 



Urginea maritima, 179 
Uva Ursi, 373 



Valerian, 131 
Valeriana, 131 
Valeriana officinalis, 131 
Vanilla, 491 
Vanilla Bean, 491 
Vanilla planifolia, 491 
Vegetable Gelatin, 587 
Velvet Dock, 367 
Venice Turpentine, 607 
Veratrum Viride, 129 
Verbasci Flores, 419 
Verbasci Folia, 367 



Verbascum phlomoides, 419 
Verbascum thapsiforme, 419 
Verbascum Thapsus, 367 
Verbena, 307 
Verbena hastata, 307 
Verona Orris Root, 75 
Veronica virginica, 135 
Viburnum Catago, 227 
Viburnum Opulus, 229 
Viburnum Prunifolium, 227 
Virginia Serpentaria, 159 
Virginia Snakeroot, 159 



w 



Wahoo Bark, 197 
Wake-Robin, 99 
Wax Myrtle, 199 
White Agaric, 563 



White Ash Bark, 239 
White Cedar, 277 
White Cinnamon, 225 
White Mallow. 397 



685 



White Mallow Root, 41 
White Mustard, 543 
White Oak Bark, 251 
White Pine Bark, 253 
White Sandal Wood, 261 
White Walnut Bark, 203 
Wild Bryony, 63 
Wild Chamomile, 437 
Wild Cherry Bark, 241 
Wild Cinnamon, 225 
Wild Geranium, 77 
Wild Ginger, 141 . 



Wild Hydrangea, 109 
Wild Indigo, 23 
Wild Yam Root, 69 
Willow Poplar Buds, 361 
Wind Flower, 315 
Witch Hazel Leaves, 391 
Wolf Grape, 279 
Wood Charcoal, 269 
Woods, 257 
Wool Fat, 643 
Woody Nightshade, 279 
Wormwood, 351 



X 



Xanthoxyli Fructus, 495 
Xanthoxylum, 247, 249 
Xanthoxylum americanum, 249, 
495 



Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 247, 
495 



Yam Root, 69 
Yeast, Compressed, 559 
Yellow Cinchona, 211 
Yellow Dock Root, 39 
Yellow Gentian Root, 119 
Yellow Jasmine Root, 107 
Yellow Lady Slipper Root, 147 
Yellow Melilot, 335 



Yellow Mustard, 543 
Yellow Peruvian Bark, 211 
Yellow Pine Rosin, 591 "" 
Yellow Sandal Wood, 261 
Yellow Sweet Clover, 335 
Yellow Wax, 637 
Yerba Santa, 387 



Zea, 431 

Zea Mays, 431, 579 
Zedoaria, 93 
Zedoary Root, 93 



Zingiber, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89 
Zingiber officinale, 79, 81, 83, 85, 
87, 89 



686 



L 



SUPERIOR BOTANICALS 

ALL the botanical and other crude drugs used in 
, the Squibb Laboratories are obtained from the 
best known sources and only those of first quality are 
employed. Shipments are accepted by us only after 
they have been examined and passed by our expert 
pharmacognosists, and by our Control Laboratories 
where they are tested chemically; and in many in- 
stances they are subjected to additional tests by our 
Physiological Laboratories. 

Each drug is first examined macroscopically and 
microscopically, to establish its identity. Then it is 
thoroughly garbled to remove any foreign drugs or 
parts of the plant which may have been included 
in the harvesting and which are not included by the 
official definition. For example: if the bark of the 
root is the part which the Pharmacopoeia directs to be 
used, we exclude all bark of the stem and all undue 
quantities of woody material. Likewise, when leaves 
are officially specified, stems, etc., must not be present. 

Also inspection must show plainly that the drug, 
after collecting, was promptly and carefully dried and 
kept in a clean place ; and there must be no evidence 
of fermentation or of dirt accumulated during the 
drying. Fermentation caused by packing drugs be- 
fore they are perfectly dry is one of the chief causes 
of change in the active principles. 

Drugs for which the Pharmacopoeia prescribes a 
definite alkaloidal strength, are assayed carefully to 
make sure they are at least of that strength; and in 
those instances where biological assays are officially 
required or recommended, the drugs are subjected to 
the proper tests at our Physiological Laboratories. 
Furthermore, we also physiologically test and standard- 
ize our ergot preparations, as well as a number of other 
potent drugs for which there is no chemical assay es- 
tablished, but which can be tested biologically. 

In consequence of this care, the botanical drugs sold 
by E. R. Squibb & Sons or elaborated into the various 
Squibb official preparations, are of the highest quality, 
hence therapeutically active and dependable. 



DEPENDABLE ERGOT PRODUCTS 

THE house of E. R. Squibb & Sons has for a long 
time been recognized as the first producer of 
ergot preparations of exceptional quality and abso- 
lute reliability. What Dr. Stearns was to the intro- 
ductory therapy of ergot, Dr. Squibb was to its phar- 
macy ; he studied it, experimented with it unceasingly, 
and established the name " Squibb 's Ergot" firmly in 
medicine. 

Medicinal ergot is a poisonous, parasitic fungus 
growing on rye. Its value depends very largely upon 
cautious selection, thorough cleansing, careful preser- 
vation, correct manipulation until all its essential prin- 
ciples are extracted, and proper packing of the finished 
product. Spanish rye ergot is far superior to all other 
kinds, as the peculiar atmospheric conditions of the 
Spanish peninsula favor a more mature and otherwise 
better growth of the fungus. Squibb 's Ergot prepara- 
tions are made from this Spanish rye ergot exclu- 
sively. Each year a fresh lot is secured, and upon 
receipt of an importation it is subjected to a very 
thorough process of cleansing by which all extraneous 
and inert matter is removed. Then as soon as practi- 
cable this clean ergot is ground and immediately ex- 
tracted by the Squibb repercolation process, and made 
up into those preparations which are recognized as 
safe and efficient for administration. 

Finally, Squibb 's Ergot preparations are carefully 
tested physiologically according to the method recom- 
mended by Drs. Edmunds and Hale (Hygienic Lab. 
Bull. No. 76), and admirably conform to their stan- 
dards. Particular mention may be made of Squibb 's 
Sterile Ergot, an alcohol-free preparation for hypo- 
dermic or intramuscular injection, physiologically 
standardized so that each mil (Cc.) represents 2 Gm. 
of best Spanish Ergot. 

Consequently, the use of Squibb 's Ergot in any of 
its forms is in no sense a matter of clinical experiment, 
so often attended with serious risk, but the application 
of a proven remedial agent carefully prepared, tested 
and standardized. 



TRUSTWORTHY DIGITALIS 

THE Squibb Laboratories make use of only the 
choicest and most carefully cured Digitalis leaves. 
This is evidenced by the beautiful green color of the 
Squibb fluidextract and tinctures. Each shipment of 
leaves is carefully examined by our expert pharma- 
cognosists, and its freedom from admixture with for- 
eign leaves and other adulterants is assured. After 
the leaves have passed this examination, a liberal 
sample of it is made into the official tincture and is 
then tested physiologically according to the method 
outlined in the U. S. P. If the finished drug does not 
admirably come up to the official standard in every 
respect, the entire lot of leaves is rejected. As a rule, 
the leaves accepted by the Squibb Laboratories are 
much more active than the Pharmacopoeia demands 
and the preparations made from them are carefully 
adjusted to a potenc}^ of 25 per cent, above the official 
standard. In this way full activity and uniformity of 
strength are assured for such an important product 
as Digitalis. 

A Fat-Free Tincture Digitalis is supposed to be 
borne better by the stomach than is the ordinary tinc- 
ture, therefore the Squibb Laboratories make a fat- 
free tincture, which should be specified if desired. It 
is prepared from leaves from which the fat has been 
removed by a method which does not extract or other- 
wise interfere with any of the proximate principles. 
It is of the same strength as the U. S. P. tincture, and 
is physiologically tested by the Hatcher "cat method " 
and adjusted so that each mil (Cc.) represents one 
cat unit (Hatcher's standard). 

Whole, Ground, or Powdered Digitalis leaves, and a 
Soft and a Powdered Extract Digitalis, are also offered 
under the Squibb label. 



WELL-SEASONED CASCARA 

CASCARA Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana) was 
discovered in Montana, on the banks of a tribu- 
tary of the Columbia River, about 1805, by the mem- 
bers of the first North American transcontinental ex- 
ploring expedition under the command of Lewis and 
Clark. It was also found by the latter in what is now 
known as Oregon and Washington states. The plant, 
along with a number of other unknown drugs col- 
lected on the journey, was sent to Frederick Pursh, 
a German botanist, of Philadelphia, for botanical 
study ; hence the name, ' ' Rhamnus Purshiana. ' ' 

Fresh Cascara Sagrada contains a ferment which 
produces unpleasant results when the drug is ad- 
ministered, while the seasoned bark, that is to say, 
such as has been kept a year or more before making 
up, owes its valuable properties as a laxative, free 
from griping, to the fact that the ferment has been 
exhausted by standing. The Squibb Laboratories do 
not use any cascara bark unless it has been seasoned 
for more than a year; and of such only the choicest 
bark is employed. 

This care insures a maximum of efficacy and a free- 
dom from undesirable by-effects to the various prepa- 
rations of cascara which are marketed under the 
Squibb label. These include: Extract, Fluidextract, 
Aromatic Fluidextract, and Fluid Cascara Aromatic 
Non- Alcoholic. This non-alcoholic product is identical 
with Aromatic Fluidextract Cascara U. S. P. in 
strength and flavor, but the alcohol has been omitted 
without sacrificing the keeping qualities of the prepa- 
ration. It has the therapeutic advantage of eliminat- 
ing any alcohol effect, a result especially desirable in 
the case of children. It can unhesitatingly be recom- 
mended in preference to the official preparations, and 
it is offered at a lower price because of the absence of 
alcohol. 



T 



PURE SPICES 

HE purity of spices is a matter of as great impor- 
tance as is the quality of the food to which they 
are added. In the popular mind the sole value of 
spices lies in their property of imparting an agreeable 
flavor to food. Aside, however, from this well-known 
virtue, spices are of great dietetic importance, and 
their selection with the view of obtaining them of full 
strength and of a high standard of quality is deserv- 
ing of careful consideration. 

However, even to-day spices are adulterated, or low 
grades and exhausted residues are reinforced by good 
ones, to be offered as desirable condiments. 

Appreciating this condition, the House of E. R. 
Squibb & Sons supplies a line of spices which are abso- 
lutely pure and of highest quality. These can unhesi- 
tatingly be recommended to all who desire condiments 
of distinctive quality and such as are free from sophis- 
tication of any kind. The whole spices are selected 
with the greatest care, assayed to make sure they come 
up to the high standards set by the Squibb Labora- 
tories, and then immediately ground, great care being 
taken to avoid volatilization of the essential oils. 

Inasmuch as these Squibb Spices are pure and con- 
sequently of exceptional strength, they require to be 
used in quantities much smaller than ordinary. There- 
fore, they are economical. A trial is convincing of 
their excellence. 

The list comprises: Allspice, Cinnamon, Cloves, 
Ginger, Mace, Mustard (English), Nutmeg, Paprika, 
and Pepper (black, red and white). These spices are 
put np in air-tight, sifter-top cans holding y 4 lb., 
2 ozs., and 1 oz. respectively, convenient for table use. 
They are sold only through druggists; they are not 
obtainable from grocers. 

For pharmaceutical purposes the Squibb Pure 
Spices are also supplied in 1-lb. cans and in bulk pack- 
ages. 



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